Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

The present study aims to formulate and evaluate a herbal hair serum using leaf extracts of Piper betel and Ixora coccinea, plants traditionally recognized for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and hair growth-promoting properties. The leaves were collected, authenticated, shade-dried, and subjected to extraction using appropriate solvents. Preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of bioactive constituents such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and glycosides. The herbal hair serum was formulated incorporating natural excipients including aloe vera gel, vitamin E, lavender oil, rose water, Tween 80, and sodium benzoate. The prepared formulations were evaluated for physicochemical characteristics such as appearance, homogeneity, spreadability, transparency, pH, and antifungal activity. The pH of theformulation was found to be within the acceptable range for scalp application. Antifungal activity assessed by the well diffusion method demonstrated significant inhibitory effects against fungal strains. Among the formulations developed, the optimized formulation exhibited satisfactory stability, smooth texture, and effective antifungal activity. The findings of the study indicate that the formulated herbal hair serum is safe effective, and suitable for improving scalp health, reducing dandruff, and enhancing overall hair quality.

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 Keywords

Hairserum, formulation, safety, efficacy, daily use, Anti- fungal activity

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Maadhyamik Star Par Adhyayanarat Chhaatr Evan Chhaatraon kee Paryaavaran Ke Prati Jaagarookata Ka Adhyayan

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Maadhyamik Star Par Adhyayanarat Chhaatr Evan Chhaatraon kee Paryaavaran Ke Prati Jaagarookata Ka Adhyayan

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The Sundarbans region of West Bengal represents one of the most ecologically sensitive and socio-economically marginalized areas in India. Characterized by its deltaic landscape, dense mangrove forests, frequent cyclones, tidal flooding, and fragile livelihoods, the region poses severe challenges to human development. Gosaba, one of the largest inhabited islands of the Sundarbans in South 24 Parganas district, reflects these complexities acutely. Geographic isolation, limited transportation, inadequate educational infrastructure, poverty, and vulnerability to climate change have historically restricted access to quality education, healthcare, and sustainable livelihoods for its residents. Within this challenging context, Beacon House, Gosaba, has emerged as a vital institution dedicated to social transformation and community development. Beacon House is not merely an educational center; it represents a holistic development model that integrates education, women and child empowerment, community participation, and environmental consciousness. Its initiatives aim to address structural inequalities while responding to the everyday realities of life in a disaster-prone, remote rural setting .Education in Gosaba has long been affected by school dropouts, child labor, early marriage, gender disparity, and seasonal migration. Children from economically disadvantaged households often lack academic support, learning materials, and exposure to broader opportunities. Beacon House intervenes at this critical juncture by providing inclusive, accessible, and community-oriented educational support that prioritizes marginalized children, especially girls. Through formal schooling assistance, remedial education, and life-skill development, the institution seeks to break the intergenerational cycle of poverty and exclusion. Beyond education, Beacon House plays a significant role in women's empowerment and community resilience. In the Sundarbans, women face compounded disadvantages due to poverty, limited mobility, low literacy, and vulnerability during natural disasters. Beacon House addresses these issues through vocational training, self-help group formation, health awareness programs, and leadership development. These efforts not only enhance household income but also strengthen women's participation in decision-making processes at the family and community levels .Environmental vulnerability is another defining feature of Gosaba. Rising sea levels, salinity intrusion, and frequent cyclones threaten both livelihoods and settlements. Recognizing the interdependence between human development and ecological sustainability, Beacon House integrates environmental education into its programs. Awareness initiatives related to mangrove conservation, climate adaptation, and disaster preparedness equip communities with knowledge essential for survival in an increasingly uncertain ecological future.

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 Keywords

Beacon House, Gosaba, Sundarbans, rural education, women empowerment, community development, climate resilience.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Classical dominance-based and indiscernibility relations are often too rigid to analyse real data affected by noise, perturbation, or instability. This paper introduces a strong hybrid equivalence framework that integrates exact algebraic dominance with a ?-restricted similarity induced by a sensitivity distance. The sensitivity distance measures behavioural deviation between objects, allowing both metric analysis and tolerance-based interpretation. We study the algebraic properties of sensitivity relations, derive necessary and sufficient conditions for transitivity via ultrametric inequalities, and construct ?-neighbourhoods that generate covering-based approximations. Lower and upper rough approximations, lattice ordering under ?-variation, and the interaction between hybrid equivalence and dominance are established. A healthcare risk-classification case study demonstrates how the hybrid model yields robust and interpretable groupings in the presence of uncertainty. The proposed framework provides a mathematically consistent foundation for sensitivity-aware reasoning, stability-based decision analysis and approximate classification.

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 Keywords

Dominance relation; Sensitivity distance; Rough sets; Tolerance relation; Hybrid equivalence; ?-neighbourhood; Approximate reasoning; Robust decision analysis.

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In the contemporary and highly competitive manufacturing environment, exemplary corporate leadership and a strong organizational culture have emerged as critical drivers of organizational development. The present study aims to examine the impact of exemplary corporate leadership and organizational culture on organizational development in selected manufacturing companies. The research focuses on identifying key leadership practices and cultural dimensions that influence organizational growth, employee engagement, operational efficiency, and long-term sustainability. A descriptive and analytical research design is adopted, using primary data collected from managerial and supervisory employees through structured questionnaires, supported by secondary data from journals, reports, and published literature. Appropriate statistical tools such as percentage analysis, correlation, and chi-square tests are employed to analyse the data. The findings of the study reveal a significant relationship between exemplary corporate leadership, organizational culture, and organizational development, indicating that effective leadership practices coupled with a supportive and adaptive culture positively influence organizational performance. The study provides valuable insights for manufacturing organizations, policymakers, and academicians by emphasizing the need to strengthen leadership practices and cultivate a positive organizational culture to achieve sustainable organizational development.

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Exemplary Leadership, Organisation Culture, Manufacturing industries etc.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Digital banking has revolutionized financial services by offering convenience, accessibility, and efficiency. However, its rapid adoption has introduced significant cybersecurity challenges. This paper explores the key threats, vulnerabilities, and mitigation strategies associated with digital banking adoption, focusing on phishing, malware, social engineering, regulatory compliance, and emerging technologies. The study highlights the importance of robust cybersecurity frameworks to ensure trust and resilience in digital banking ecosystems.

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 Keywords

Digital Banking, Cybersecurity, Phishing, Malware, Social Engineering, Regulatory Compliance, Multi-Factor Authentication, AI Threat Detection, Mobile Banking Security, Financial Technology, Data Breaches, Ransomware, Insider Threats, Blockchain Security

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 Abstract

Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay ke Samajik Darshan ki Samkaleen Sarkari Nitiyon ke sath Tulnatmak Vishleshan.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay ke Samajik Darshan ki Samkaleen Sarkari Nitiyon ke sath Tulnatmak Vishleshan.

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Abstract Plant-derived exosome-mimetic nanocarriers (PDENMs) represent a rapidly advancing class of bioinspired drug delivery systems that bridge the gap between natural extracellular vesicles and synthetic nanocarriers. These vesicles, derived from edible and medicinal plants or fabricated using plant lipid extracts, exhibit unique advantages such as excellent biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, biodegradability, scalability, and intrinsic affinity for biological membranes. Oral and vaginal routes of drug administration are particularly attractive due to their non-invasive nature; however, both routes present formidable physiological barriers that limit drug stability, absorption, and therapeutic efficacy. PDENMs have demonstrated the ability to protect encapsulated drugs from harsh biological environments, enhance mucosal penetration, and enable targeted or sustained drug release. This comprehensive review critically examines the current state of research on PDENMs, covering their sources, isolation and fabrication techniques, physicochemical characterization, drug loading and functionalization strategies, and mechanisms of cellular uptake. Special emphasis is placed on oral and vaginal drug delivery applications, supported by preclinical evidence. Safety, toxicity, regulatory considerations, and future research directions are discussed to provide a translational perspective on the clinical potential of PDENMs.

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Plant-derived nanocarriers; Exosome-mimetic vesicles; Oral drug delivery; Vaginal drug delivery; Nanomedicine; Mucosal delivery

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This study investigates the aetiology of opioid dependence among the female demographic in the Tezu Administrative Centre. Moving beyond individual pathology, the research identifies a confluence of socio-cultural, environmental, and biomedical determinants that precipitate addiction. Key findings isolate seven primary variables: (1) seasonal exposure and labour during the opium lancing and latex extraction period, (2) analgesic substitution for chronic morbidity, (3) recreational peer reinforcement, (4) ritualistic cultural sanctioning, (5) dyadic influence within domestic partnerships, (6) geographical location within a high-yield cultivation belt encompassing Lohit and Anjaw, and (7) high social acceptability. The study argues that addiction in this region is a structural outcome of these intersecting factors.

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 Keywords

Opioid Dependence, Women in Arunachal, Mishmi Tribe, Tezu, Agrarian Labour, Social Aetiology, Kaanang.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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: Facial Emotion Recognition (FER) is a vital part of affective computing as well as human-computer interaction since it allows intelligent systems to recognize human emotional states based on their facial expression. Although convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with deep learning have been used to successfully perform spatial models in images of faces, these still have a shortcoming in their ability to capture the temporal changes in emotions that are in the real world. On the other hand, time models enhance dynamic expression but have low spatial discrimination. In response to these shortcomings, this paper will suggest a Hybrid Spatial-Temporal Deep Learning Framework that learns to model both the appearance and emotional state of faces of both still images and video frames. The framework proposed combines the CNN-based spatial feature extraction with the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) based temporal modeling in a unified end-to-end implementation. The comprehensive experiments done on FER-2013 and CK+ data sets prove that the hybrid CNN-LSTM model greatly outperforms the spatial-only baselines, having a higher accuracy, stability, and generalization. Besides, statistical significance testing establishes that the performance gains realized are not deceptive and are not as a result of random variation. The findings confirm such a problem as the efficacy of hybrid spatial-temporal learning of strong facial emotion recognition in unconstrained settings.

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 Keywords

Facial Emotion Recognition; Hybrid Spatial-Temporal Learning; Convolutional Neural Networks; Long Short-Term Memory; Deep Learning; Affective Computing; Human-Computer Interaction.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition