Volume 14 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

Poverty reduction and inclusive growth are two of the most important objectives of India's economic development strategy. Economic growth is essential for increasing national income, employment and productive capacity, but growth alone does not automatically ensure that the benefits of development reach all sections of society. Inclusive growth seeks to ensure that the opportunities and benefits generated by economic development are accessible to disadvantaged groups, rural populations, women, small farmers, informal workers, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other economically vulnerable communities. India has made considerable progress in reducing poverty over the past few decades through economic growth, employment generation, social protection, financial inclusion, rural development, improved access to basic services and targeted welfare programmes. Recent evidence indicates a substantial reduction in poverty. The World Bank's updated analysis reports that the proportion of India's population living below the lower-middle-income poverty line of $4.20 per person per day declined from 57.7 percent in 2011-12 to 23.9 percent in 2022-23. Extreme poverty, measured using the updated international line of $3 per person per day, declined from 27.1 percent to 5.3 percent over the same period. NITI Aayog has also reported a significant decline in multidimensional poverty, with the estimated proportion falling from 29.17 percent in 2013-14 to 11.28 percent in 2022-23, implying that 24.82 crore people moved out of multidimensional poverty during the nine-year period. Despite this progress, India continues to face challenges relating to inequality, quality employment, regional disparities, rural vulnerability, gender gaps, informal employment, human capital and access to quality public services. This article examines the relationship between poverty reduction and inclusive growth in India and argues that sustainable poverty reduction requires not only faster economic growth but also employment-intensive development, human capital investment, social protection, financial inclusion, women's economic participation and balanced regional development.

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 Keywords

Poverty, Inclusive Growth, Economic Development, Employment, Inequality, Social Protection, Financial Inclusion, Rural Development, India

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Benzoxazole, Thiazole, Molecular Hybridization, Anti-inflammatory Agents, Protein Denaturation Assay, Diclofenac Sodium.

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This study investigated peer pressure among higher secondary students in Aizawl North II Constituency across gender, locality, and class level. Using a descriptive survey design, data was gathered from 375 students selected via stratified proportionate random sampling using the standardized Peer Pressure Scale by Sandeep Singh and Sunil Saini. Results showed that most students (51.2%) experienced moderate peer pressure, while 24% and 24.8% reported high and low levels, respectively. The t-test analysis revealed significant gender differences (t = 3.058, p < 0.01), with male students scoring higher than females. Class XII students also reported significantly higher peer pressure (M = 65.78) than Class XI students (M = 61.78, t = 3.19, p < 0.01). Conversely, no significant difference was observed between urban and rural origin students (t = 0.876). These findings emphasize the need for targeted counseling and supportive school environments to help adolescents manage socio-academic pressures.

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Peer pressure, Higher Secondary Students, Adolescence, Gender Differences.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This work examines natural-language computational tasks involving substantial uncertainty. It reviews debates on uncertainty modeling in probability and possibility theory, including Zadeh's claim that some Computing with Words tasks are unsuitable for probabilistic treatment. It proposes a constructive probabilistic approach using specialized Kolmogorov-measure probability spaces to clarify the relationship between the two theories. Introduced by L. A. Zadeh in the late 1970s, possibility theory models flexible restrictions from vague information. As a non-classical uncertainty theory, it differs from probability theory while remaining closely related to it. The discussion also highlights key similarities and differences between possibility theory and other uncertainty frameworks, especially probability theory.

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 Keywords

Natural language, Possibility theory, Probability theory, Relationship.

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ABSTRACT: The paper presents a method of projecting census data of a nation as Big Data for Analytics purpose. Census Data provides the demographics and details of the geographical, social and economic status of a country. This data are recorded once in a decade and is maintained by government. In India also we have a census data recording since 1872. We can imagine if we combine these data we will get a treasure of information which will be beneficial for the government, policy maker, planning commission to mend and implement beneficial policies and laws for citizens of the country. The paper explores the opportunities that will be created if we digitalized this historical data and use it for analytic purpose. It also discovers some suitable technologies that can be suited to develop such tool.

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KEYWORDS: Digital India, Census Data Analysis Tool, Big Data, Census data Analysis, Analytics.

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Online examinations have gained significant prominence due to their flexibility and cost efficiency, especially during extraordinary situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, the absence of direct human supervision introduces serious challenges related to academic dishonesty. This paper focuses on detecting abnormal behaviors during online examinations to uphold academic integrity and analyzes the performance of various deep learning models, including DenseNet121, YOLOv5, and its advanced variant YOLOv8, for identifying typical cheating activities such as unusual head movements and the usage of electronic devices. A custom dataset comprising four categories of cheating behaviors was developed, along with an additional dataset obtained from Roboflow containing two classes: 'No Head Movement' and 'Head Movement. Evaluation metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and mean Average Precision (mAP) were utilized to comprehensively assess the performance of the proposed models. DenseNet121 achieved an accuracy of 85%, whereas YOLOv5 recorded over 97% in precision, recall, and mAP, demonstrating its effectiveness for real-time object detection. Furthermore, YOLOv8 exhibited superior performance, achieving an accuracy of 98.42%, precision of 97.95%, recall of 98.18%, F1-score of 98.06%, and mAP of 98.71%. These results indicate that YOLOv8 provides enhanced detection accuracy, improved localization capability, and robust real-time monitoring of candidate activities, making it highly suitable for intelligent online exam proctoring applications. The proposed framework provides a reliable, efficient, and scalable solution for automated online examination monitoring, significantly reducing the need for manual supervision while enhancing the fairness, security, and integrity of remote assessment environments

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 Keywords

Online Examinations Monitoring, Cheating Detection, Deep Learning, YOLOv8 Model

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Background: Biomedical waste management (BMWM) is an essential component of infection prevention and environmental safety in healthcare settings. Inadequate knowledge regarding biomedical waste handling among nursing students may increase the risk of healthcare-associated infections, occupational hazards, and environmental contamination. Structured educational interventions can improve students' understanding and promote safe waste management practices.

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Biomedical waste management, structured teaching programme, nursing students, knowledge, pre-experimental study.

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Agriculture continues to play an important role in the economic and social development of Karnataka despite the increasing dominance of industry and services in the state's economy. A large section of the rural population depends directly or indirectly on agriculture and allied activities for their livelihood. However, farm incomes remain vulnerable to fluctuations in crop prices, climatic conditions, rising input costs, fragmented landholdings, inadequate irrigation, market imperfections and post-harvest losses. Minimum Support Price (MSP) is one of the major agricultural price-policy instruments used by the Government of India to protect farmers against severe price declines and to encourage agricultural production. Its effectiveness, however, depends not only on the announced price but also on procurement, market access, storage, awareness and the ability of farmers to actually sell their produce at or above the MSP. Karnataka is an important producer of ragi, maize, tur, groundnut, sunflower, cotton, jowar and several horticultural crops. Several of these crops are covered under the MSP system. For the 2026-27 kharif marketing season, the Union Government fixed MSP at INR5,205 per quintal for ragi, INR2,410 for maize, INR8,450 for tur, INR7,517 for groundnut-in-shell, INR8,343 for sunflower seed and INR8,267 for medium-staple cotton. The Government states that MSPs for mandated crops are generally fixed to provide a return of at least 50 percent over the relevant cost of production measure. The article examines the relationship between MSP and farm income in Karnataka and argues that MSP can provide an important price floor but cannot, by itself, guarantee adequate farm income. Effective procurement, market infrastructure, crop diversification, irrigation, agricultural productivity, storage, processing, farmer organisations and access to institutional credit are necessary to convert announced MSP into realised farm income. The study also highlights the importance of combining price support with productivity-enhancing and income-diversification measures.

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MSP, Farm Income, Karnataka Agriculture, Agricultural Prices, Farmers, Procurement, Agricultural Markets, Rural Development, Crop Diversification

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Gender budgeting integrates gender considerations into the budgetary process to ensure that public expenditures benefit both men and women equitably. This paper explores the implementation of gender budgeting in Mizoram, focusing on its potential to promote gender equality through public finance policies. While Mizoram has made progress in women's literacy and political participation, gender disparities persist in areas such as healthcare, economic participation, and access to opportunities. This paper proposes a qualitative research study to evaluate the effectiveness of gender budgeting in reducing these disparities. The study will involve a review of existing literature, analysis of budget documents, and case studies from other Indian states with successful gender budgeting practices. The expected outcomes include an assessment of the current state of gender budgeting in Mizoram, identification of challenges, and recommendations for improving gender budgeting practices to foster gender equality. The findings will contribute to the state's ongoing efforts to ensure that public policies and financial resources support women's empowerment and promote sustainable development.

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Gender Budgeting, Mizoram, Public Finance, Gender Equality.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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A solar powered energy storage architecture for electric vehicle (EV) charging that integrates photovoltaic (PV) generation, battery energy storage system (BESS), and plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging at a single point of common coupling (PCC) to the distribution grid is developed and evaluated. A detailed PV-BESS-PEV integration model for Indian urban networks is proposed that incorporate time-varying solar irradiances, PSPCL tariff models, BESS state-of-charge (SOC) models, and EV arrival patterns for an urban commercial site near Gill Pind, Ludhiana. The model is integrated in a multi-objective optimization problem to minimize life cycle cost, electrical losses and CO? emissions by optimally sizing PV capacity, the BESS energy rating, the BESS power rating, the grid interface limits, and a combination of AC and DC chargers. The scenario studies, with a representative case of 15,000 EVs/day charging demand, show that a properly designed PV-BESS-PEV system can provide a large portion of EV energy demand from local PV resources, minimise technical losses and coal consumption at the system level and reduce evening peak demand on the PSPCL network, while maintaining charging reliability, and are also realistic for the large scale deployment in the Ludhiana corridor.

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 Keywords

Electric vehicles, photovoltaic systems, battery energy storage system, EV charging station, optimization, distribution networks.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition