Volume 14 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

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Face milling, EN31 steel, coated carbide inserts, cutting force, surface roughness, dynamic signal analysis, frequency-domain analysis, factorial design of experiments.

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During the world war what are the struggle they face

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Peace, Paradox,War, Silence, Survival

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Financial inclusion remains a critical challenge in rural and economically backward regions, where access to formal financial services is often limited. In this context, digital payment systems have emerged as a transformative tool to bridge the gap between the unbanked population and the formal financial sector. The present study examines the awareness, adoption, and usage of digital payment systems and analyses their role in promoting financial inclusion in the backward areas of Wayanad district, Kerala. The study is based on primary data collected from 100 respondents across selected regions of Vythiri, Mananthavady, and Sulthan Bathery taluks using a structured questionnaire. The findings reveal that awareness of digital payment systems among respondents is universal, while adoption is also significantly high. The chi-square analysis confirms a statistically significant difference in awareness and usage patterns. Among various methods, UPI emerges as the most widely known and used digital payment system. Mean score analysis indicates that respondents perceive digital payments as convenient, accessible, and effective in reducing the need for physical bank visits and improving access to financial services. However, while the perception towards financial inclusion is positive, it is relatively lower compared to other aspects, suggesting the presence of certain barriers such as digital literacy, trust issues, and infrastructural limitations. The study concludes that digital payment systems play a significant role in enhancing financial inclusion in backward areas, but targeted efforts are required to address existing challenges and ensure inclusive growth.

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 Keywords

Digital payment, financial inclusion, backward area, UPI, banking access

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Pattachitra is one of the most popular traditional paintings of India and is mainly practiced in the states of Odisha and West Bengal. The name "Pattachitra" comes from the words "patta" (cloth) and "chitra" (picture), in Sanskrit, referring to the origin of the work as a kind of cloth-based scroll painting. The present research is aimed to understand the historical evolution, aesthetic richness and cultural significance of Pattachitra art and to explore its relevance and application in contemporary fashion design. This study is a post-colonial study of Pattachitra art in Bengal and how it evolved from a religious storytelling medium to a vibrant visual medium that recognizes the contemporary socio-political issues. The research was conducted using a theme-based visual content analysis approach. The study has discussed six Pattachitra paintings ranging from traditional mythological narrative to modern socio-political representations. The artworks were selected through purposive sampling. Pattachitra is famous for its detailed work, bold outlines and bright use of natural colors. It is based on mythological and religious stories. Traditionally, artists have illustrated stories from epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata, and themes related to Lord Jagannath and the Vaishnavite tradition. Making Pattachitra is a very detailed process,The word Pattachitra is made up of two Sanskrit words patta meaning cloth and chitra meaning picture, meaning that originally it was a form of painting on cloth which was rolled up in scrolls. The study aims at understanding the historical development, aesthetic richness and cultural significance of Pattachitra art, exploring its relevance and application in the field of contemporary fashion designing. The research identified three main aspects that emerged from the themes on the colonial period, the post-colonial period, the debate on hybridity, changing techniques and the mixing of Pattachitra with Western art. These include gender representation, national identity and the response to global crises. Through a gender lens, artists had reimagined the female figures in bold contours, expressive colour. A theme-based visual content analysis method has been used in this study.

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Pattachitra, Style, Traditional, Indian, Fashion Design, Cultural

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Plant diseases are a major threat to agricultural productivity and food security. Early detection of plant diseases helps farmers take timely action and reduce crop loss. This paper proposes a deep learning-based approach using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to detect and classify plant diseases from leaf images. The model is trained on a plant leaf dataset and achieves high accuracy. The proposed system provides a fast, cost-effective, and automated solution for disease detection in agriculture.

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Plant Disease Detection, CNN, Deep Learning, Image Processing, Smart Agriculture

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The mode of payment shift from cash to click has led to remarkable success in the Indian economy. There are numerous factors that have been attributed to the success of adopting online payment transactions. In our nation, there are 48.4% females for every 51.6% males. The literacy rate of the country has reached 74.04 percent, where 82.14 percent of men and 65.46 percent of women can read and write. According to the internet usage statistics for January 2024, India recorded a total of 751.5 million users. The rural activities of the 700 million smart-phone users of India exceeded 425 million in January 2023. Statistically, in India, 48.4 percent of the population is female and 51.6 percent is male, although less than 32 percent of women own cell phones, whereas more than 60 percent of men own them. Unified Payment Interface (UPI) has played an important part in the tremendous growth seen in digital payments in India, with transaction numbers increasing from 2,071 crore during FY 2017-18 to over 22,831 crore during FY 2024-25. However, it is difficult to quantify women's participation in transactions through UPI because no data specific to women's usage of UPI services is available to the public. As reported by Aarti Deo, Engineering Director of Google Pay (GPay) in 2023, "Less than 30 percent of users of India's UPI were women." Recently, in 2024, "Only 25 percent of payment users in the country were women, and they comprised even fewer numbers in semi-urban and rural areas," according to Nalin Bansal, Chief of Corporate Business and Key Initiatives at NPCI. The number of UPI users in the country is less than 30 percent female. The present research analyzed the development of cashless transactions in India since their emergence, analyzing the knowledge and use of digital payment systems and the demographic analysis of people involved in the process of cashless acceptance among rural women.

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Cashless transaction, Rural women, Digital payment system, UPI, Digital India ,Government initiative

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Acne vulgaris is a multifactorial inflammatory skin disorder that commonly affects adolescents and young adults. The limitations and side effects of conventional therapies such as antibiotics and retinoids have encouraged the search for safer, plant-based alternatives. The present study focuses on the development and evolution of a herbal transdermal acne patch incorporating Neolamarckia cadamba leaf extract, known for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The work aimed to formulate, optimize, and evaluate a hydrocolloid-based herbal patch capable of providing controlled release and localized treatment of acne lesions. Fresh leaves of N. cadamba were collected, authenticated, and subjected to hydroalcoholic extraction. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenoids. Various patch prototypes were developed using combinations of polymers such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), along with plasticizers including glycerol and propylene glycol. Formulations were optimized based on physical properties, extract compatibility, adhesion, and drug release behavior. The optimized patch demonstrated satisfactory mechanical strength, flexibility, and sustained release of active compounds for up to 24 hours. In vitro antimicrobial studies against Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis revealed significant inhibition zones, confirming the antibacterial potential of the extract. Stability testing under accelerated conditions showed no significant changes in appearance or activity, indicating good formulation stability. A preliminary pilot study on human volunteers demonstrated reduced inflammatory lesion count and improved skin appearance with no major adverse effects. The study concludes that Neolamarckia cadamba-based herbal acne patches offer a promising natural, effective, and patient-friendly alternative for acne management. Future work will focus on standardization of active phytoconstituents, large-scale clinical trials, and commercialization strategies for this innovative herbal transdermal delivery system.

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Herbal acne patch,neolmarckia cadamba,anti-acne activity,herbal formulation,phytochemical screening,antimicrobial study,natural extract.

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This paper presents an intelligent attendance system using RFID and face recognition to improve security and prevent proxy attendance. The system verifies user identity through RFID authentication followed by facial recognition using OpenCV. Attendance is recorded only when both credentials match the stored database. The proposed system is cost-effective, reliable, and suitable for educational institutions and office environments.

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RFID, Face Recognition, Biometric Authentication, Access Control

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In recent years, prolonged exposure to digital devices like smartphones, laptops, and LED screens has increased the risk of blue light-induced skin damage, including oxidative stress, premature aging, pigmentation, and loss of elasticity. To address this, the study focuses on formulating and evaluating a herbal blue light protective face serum using Butterfly Pea Flower, Moringa leaf powder, Green Tea, and Rose Hip in a rose-water base with sodium hyaluronate for hydration. The serum was evaluated for appearance, colour, clarity, fragrance, pH, viscosity, spreadability, homogeneity, and stability, showing good cosmetic elegance, smooth texture, and stable characteristics. It also demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, confirming its ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species caused by blue light. Overall, the herbal serum shows strong potential as a safe and effective formulation for protecting skin from blue light damage in daily skincare.

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Blue light; Herbal serum; Antioxidant; Oxidative stress; Photoaging; Natural skincare.

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Malala Yousafzai has been one of the most celebrated figures in the global context, known for her life, activism, and recognition, which have sparked considerable curiosity, especially among Western readers. Two of Malala's co-authored memoirs bearing the main title I am Malala, published in 2013 and 2014 respectively, both exploring her life in Pakistan through her journey of recovering from a deadly attack by the Taliban, have been read and discussed by scholars and critics as a lens to look at the socio-cultural and political realities of South Asia. Both the memoirs written in collaboration with native English-speaking authors and being published by an American publishing company, tell more than a mere life story. The idea of "Paratext", introduced by Gerard Genette, provides a framework to analyse these elements that accompany the main text as the factors which help transform a text into a book. Paratexts do not exist in isolation from the time period or culture in which the text was written, suggesting their broader influence on the development, publication, reception, and circulation of a book. This paper examines the paratextual elements alongside the main text of memoirs to understand the implications of paratext in shaping an understanding of the identity of South Asian women in a global setting, with a focus on how these memoirs negotiate the complex relationship between identity, culture and power through the two selected memoirs by Malala Yousafzai.

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Paratext, memoirs, human rights, title, authorship

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