Volume 13 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

This study presents a performance investigation of a window air conditioner operating with R-22 refrigerant. A custom-built test rig incorporating a psychometric chamber was developed to simulate real-world conditions and evaluate key performance parameters. Experiments were conducted under varying load conditions, including 100% sensible and mixed sensible-latent loads. Parameters such as cooling capacity, Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER), and Coefficient of Performance (COP) were measured using enthalpy difference methods. Results showed that performance varied significantly with load type, with the highest EER observed under the enthalpy method. This setup proves effective for validating manufacturer ratings and optimizing AC performance.

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 Keywords

Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER), Coefficient of Performance (COP), Sensible Heat, Latent Heat.

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Customary International Law (CIL) plays a crucial role in both the international legal system and the domestic legal framework of India. This abstract compares the application and recognition of CIL within these two systems. Internationally, CIL emerges from consistent state practice coupled with opinio juris, binding all states regardless of treaty ratification. India, as a dualist state, generally requires domestic incorporation for CIL to be directly enforceable. However, Indian courts have increasingly acknowledged CIL's significance, interpreting domestic laws in conformity with established international norms and principles, particularly concerning human rights and environmental law. While direct enforcement remains limited, CIL serves as a valuable interpretative aid, influencing judicial decisions and shaping domestic policy. The comparison highlights the varying degrees of interaction, with the international system placing CIL at its core, and India gradually integrating CIL into its domestic legal landscape through judicial interpretation and legislative action. This nuanced engagement demonstrates India's commitment to international law while upholding its sovereign authority.

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Customary international law

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The refugee crisis in Northeast India has had a profound effect on its beautifully diverse region, necessitating a nuanced examination of its implications. The socioeconomic effects of refugee flows are examined in this paper, with particular attention to the impacted states of Nagaland, Assam, Tripura, and Mizoram. It seeks to analyse issues like resource depletion, job competitiveness, and cultural assimilation that both the host communities and the refugees are burdened with. The study explores the relationship between resource politics and socioeconomic challenges , examining the ways in which the influx has affected social cohesion, education, healthcare, and local economies. The paper explores how foreign aid, civil society, and government policies have contributed to the management of the refugee crisis, highlighting the shortcomings of the governance and resource allocation. The study emphasizes the dual narrative of conflict and resilience in host-refugee relations by drawing on the case studies. The dynamics of resources, such as land usage and access to public services, are given particular consideration since they frequently make tensions worse. In order to highlight the need of policy recommendations for sustainable refugee management and community development, this study attempts to offer a thorough understanding of the socioeconomic impact of the refugee inflow in Northeast India.

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Refugee crisis, Northeast India, socio-economic challenges, resource politics,, sustainable management.

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This paper investigates the effects of Long Short-Term Memory networks in predictive maintenance of manufacturing systems. The proposed framework improves on prediction from failure and anomalous detection because LSTMs have the ability to deal with time series data. These IoT qualified sensors equipped with real time machine health monitoring and the supportof AI driven analytics along with historical patterns to forecast potential breakdowns form the bedrock for the work. LSTM predictive maintenance strategies, integrated with the maintenance strategies, result in minimum sudden downtime, maximum asset reliability and maximum efficiency of industrial operation. This study proposes deep learning for proactive maintenance in order to redefine the traditional maintenance methods and make the smart manufacturing practices.

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LSTM networks, time-series analysis, predictive modelling, fault detection, smart manufacturing, AI-driven maintenance, equipment monitoring.

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This article explores the multifaceted role of Japan in supporting India's infrastructure transformation, particularly in high-speed rail and urban development. With India facing the challenge of rapid urbanization and an estimated infrastructure investment need of $840 billion over the next 15 years, Japan has emerged as a critical development partner. The study examines bilateral frameworks such as the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) and Japan's Official Development Assistance (ODA), emphasizing Japan's contribution through concessional loans, advanced technology, and strategic cooperation. Projects like the Mumbai-Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail and Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor illustrate Japan's technological and financial involvement. The article also analyzes urban initiatives, smart city collaborations, and energy partnerships, along with the geopolitical implications in the Indo-Pacific context. It further discusses implementation challenges and offers policy recommendations to enhance efficiency and future cooperation. Ultimately, this study demonstrates how the India-Japan partnership serves as a model for sustainable, strategic, and tech-driven infrastructure development in the Global South.

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 Keywords

Japan-India Infrastructure Cooperation, High-Speed Rail in India, Mumbai-Ahmedabad Bullet Train, Shinkansen Technology Transfer, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Urban Development in India, Smart Cities Mission, Transit-Oriented Development, Indo-Pacific Infrastructure Strategy, Public-Private Partnerships (PPP), Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC),Japanese Investment in India, Sustainable Urban Planning, Metro Rail Projects India, Japan's Official Development Assistance (

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In recent years, online shopping has experienced rapid growth across India, extending beyond metropolitan cities into semi-urban and rural regions. Mahoba, a small town in the Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh, presents a unique setting to examine how digital transformation is influencing consumer purchasing behaviour. This study explores the changing dynamics of consumer behaviour towards online shopping in Mahoba, focusing on factors such as convenience, product availability, digital literacy, trust, and payment preferences. The research adopts a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to gain comprehensive insights into consumer attitudes and preferences. Key objectives include identifying the most purchased product categories, the frequency of online shopping, perceived benefits and challenges, and the role of demographic variables such as age, income, and education. Findings indicate that younger consumers (18-35 years) are the most active online shoppers, driven by smart phone usage, ease of access, and attractive pricing. However, issues such as unreliable internet connectivity, delivery delays, and skepticism about product quality continue to hinder widespread adoption among older and rural consumers. Cash on delivery remains the preferred payment method, though digital payments are gradually gaining traction. This study highlights the growing potential of e-commerce in tier-3 towns like Mahoba and provides valuable insights for online retailers, policymakers, and local businesses aiming to expand their reach in semi-urban markets. Recommendations are made to enhance digital infrastructure, promote digital literacy, and build consumer trust to foster a more inclusive online shopping ecosystem.

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 Keywords

Online shopping, Consumers, Digital Payment, Connectivity, E-commerce, convenience.

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 Abstract

Lokpal : Bharat Me Brashtachar Virodhi Sangharsh Ki Ek Shashakt Sanstha

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Lokpal : Bharat Me Brashtachar Virodhi Sangharsh Ki Ek Shashakt Sanstha

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A recent study aimed to develop a sustained-release floating tablet of Vonoprazan Fumarate using a direct compression method to simplify processing. The research began by screening various rate-controlling polymers, with Carbopol 934 and Chitosan evaluated for their effectiveness in modulating the drug release rate. Carbopol 934 was identified as the most effective and selected for further formulation development. Preformulation studies confirmed the compatibility of Vonoprazan Fumarate with the chosen excipients. Fifteen formulations (F1-F15) were developed and subjected to comprehensive physical and chemical evaluations. Formulation F6 demonstrated the most promising results in initial assessments. To optimize the formulation, a factorial design approach was employed, varying the concentrations of Carbopol 934 and a floating agent as independent variables. This design aimed to assess their effects on drug release at the 1-hour mark and on floating lag time. Evaluations of the factorial batches (V1-V9) indicated that all parameters, including weight variation, friability, hardness, and thickness, remained within acceptable limits, with drug content consistently ranging from 97% to 99%. The study found that increasing the concentration of Carbopol 934 resulted in a decrease in drug release, highlighting its significant role in controlling release rates. Conversely, the floating agent concentration primarily influenced the floating time of the tablet. The optimized formulation, designated as V5, exhibited stable performance during a one-month stability study. It demonstrated controlled drug release, effective floating properties, and maintained stability over time. Therefore, formulation V5 is considered a promising candidate for further clinical evaluation.

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Vonoprazan Fumarate, Carbopol 934, Floating tablets.

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As pyrrole has significant medicinal properties analogues of pyrrole (I-VI) were selected and modelled by SwissADME database and physicochemical, pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal properties were analysed. The results show that all studied molecules obey Lipinski rule and possess high gastrointestinal (GI) absorption with blood brain barrier (BBB) permeation. I-VI exhibit good bioavailability score, positive leadlikeness and progressive synthetic accessibility.

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Heterocycles, Pyrrole, Theoretical study, SwissADME database and ADME properties

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Marketing exists in a dynamic context that influences strategic choices and outcomes. The micro environment, more specifically, consists of the forces near a company that have a direct influence on its capacity to serve customers.

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 Keywords

Introduction , Key component, Marketing Strategy, Interplay of Micro Environment , Case Studies.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition