Volume 14 | Issue 3 |

 Abstract

The 2025 Goods and Services Tax (GST) 2.0 reform in India, which reduced the rate on individual life and health insurance premiums from 18% to 0% effective September 22, 2025, was a landmark strategic intervention aimed at reducing the cost barrier and accelerating the goal of "Insurance for All by 2047". This paper critically analyses the resulting trade-off between demand side i.e maximizing consumer affordability and the structural cost shock imposed on the supply side of the industry. On the demand side, the policy immediately benefited policyholders with up to an 18% reduction in premium outflow, enhancing the affordability of essential protection and improving the value proposition of long-term savings products, such as Unit-Linked Insurance Plans (ULIPs). However, by classifying premium income as wholly exempt, the reform created a significant structural burden for insurers: the complete withdrawal of Input Tax Credit (ITC) on operational expenses, including agent commissions, rent, and technology. This loss translates into an estimated 3-8% increase in insurer operational costs. In response to this cost pressure, insurers will have to engage in price recalibration (risking base premium inflation) and significantly adjust distribution compensation, shifting the 18% GST burden onto intermediaries, resulting in commission cuts of 15-18%. This latter consequence creates a severe policy conflict, threatening the viability of the agent network--the critical infrastructure needed for mass penetration, particularly the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India's (IRDAI) women-centric Bima Vahak model for rural inclusion. While the short-term fiscal cost to the government is an estimated $1.2-1.4 billion in annual revenue loss, the long-term success of the reform hinges on whether the resultant growth in policy volumes and associated economic activity can offset this sacrifice. The paper concludes that securing the intended social benefits requires proactive regulatory monitoring by the IRDAI to prevent the erosion of consumer savings through hidden base premium increases, and targeted fiscal support, such as fractional ITC allowances on critical distribution costs, to stabilize the financial inclusion infrastructure.

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 Keywords

GST 2.0, Life and Health Insurance, Input Tax Credit (ITC), Insurance for All by 2047, Premium Affordability, Bima Vahak, IRDAI, Financial Inclusion, Tax Reform, Supply-side Shock.

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This research paper examines Indian archaeology, its temples, monuments, sacred bronzes, inscriptions, manuscripts, and jewels and the systematic extraction of such objects during British colonial rule. It studies how colonial conquest and administrative structures enabled the removal of temple idols, royal treasures, and ritual artifacts from India. Further, it analyzes how novels across the world represent sacred desecration, imperial possession, archaeological displacement, and cultural trauma. Through expanded close readings of selected literary texts and engagement with historical scholarship, the paper argues that fiction mirrors archival truth while adding ethical and emotional dimensions absent from official records. Literary representation functions as an alternative archive, contributing meaningfully to archaeological discourse and contemporary restitution debates.

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Indian archaeology, colonial plunder, postcolonial memory, Wilkie Collins, E. M. Forster.

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Teaching approaches are very important in learning experiences of students and their psychological development. This paper discusses the differences between teacher-centred learning and student-centred learning from the psychological perspective. Teacher-centred learning focuses on structured learning where the teacher is the main source of knowledge while student-centred learning focuses on active participation of learners, autonomy and collaboration. Drawing on the major psychological theories, namely, behaviourism, constructivism and humanistic learning theory, the study focuses on the influence of these approaches on students' motivation, cognitive development, critical thinking and academic performance. The analysis suggests that the teacher-centred learning offers a systematic framework of delivering the basic knowledge and maintaining the organization in the classroom, whereas the student-centred learning facilitates the intrinsic motivation and active engagement in the classroom and develops higher order thinking skills. The findings suggest that combining some aspects of both approaches can create a balanced learning environment to support effectively knowledge acquisition and students' intellectual and personal growth in today's educational environment.

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 Keywords

Educational Psychology, Student-Centred Learning, Teacher-Centred Learning, Cognitive Development, Motivation.

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India's National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 envisions a comprehensive transformation of the educational landscape through holistic, multidisciplinary curricula, flexible learning pathways, experiential pedagogies, and equitable access for all socioeconomic groups, representing India's most ambitious education reform since independence. However, in the state of Manipur, implementation confronts well-documented systemic barriers that threaten policy realization: 72% of educational institutions report persistent difficulties adapting curricula to NEP's multidisciplinary framework due to entrenched examination-centric structures and rigid disciplinary silos (NCERT, 2023); 28% of rural schools, predominantly in hilly districts, continue to lack basic infrastructure essential for modern pedagogical delivery including smart classrooms and digital laboratories (UDISE+, 2024); and critically, 68% of Manipur's teachers remain untrained in the student-center, competency-based methodologies central to NEP 2020's pedagogical shift (Ministry of Education, 2025). This descriptive, non-experimental study systematically analyses Manipur's NEP 2020 implementation trajectory through rigorous synthesis of authoritative government reports, state-specific datasets, and policy analytics. The analysis delineates state-specific implementation challenges at institutional and district levels alongside empirically verified opportunities including DIKSHA digital platform's 500 million+ nationwide user engagements demonstrating technological scalability, 15% growth in vocational program enrolments signaling skill development momentum (NITI Aayog, 2024) methodically assessing their strategic consonance with Viksit Bharat@2047's human capital development imperatives for a self-reliant, developed India by 2047.

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NEP 2020, Manipur, UDISE+, teacher training, valley-hill, DIKSHA, Viksit Bharat@2047

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Heavy metal ions have been identified to cause water contamination which has become a serious environmental and human health concern especially in the semi-arid and agrarian regions of India. The Bundelkhand area, which is located in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh is a region that experiences water crises chronically and the water quality in the area is poor owing to geological causes, farmland usage and less industrialization. The given experimental research is devoted to the analytical identification of the chosen heavy metal ions - lead and cadmium (Pb 2 + and Cd 2 +), copper and zinc (Cu 2 + and Zn 2 +), nickel and iron (Ni 2 + and Fe 3 +) in the waters of different surface and groundwater sources in Bundelkhand region using classical inorganic reagents.The experiment has utilized the qualitative group analysis and quantitative volumetric and spectrophotometric methods by using the inorganic reagents like hydrogen sulfide, dichromate of potassium, ammonium hydroxide, and EDTA. The metal ion concentrations were determined using normal calibration techniques and compared with the world health organization (WHO) drinking water standards. According to the results of the experiment, lead and iron were high in a number of groundwater samples and cadmium and nickel were found in traces but alarming concentrations. The results underscore the appropriateness of classical inorganic analytical tools in environmental surveillance in resource restrained areas as a cost effective and credible tool. This paper highlights the importance of systematic evaluation of water quality in Bundelkhand and the significance of inorganic analytical chemistry in solving the environmental problems in the region.

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Keywords:Inorganic reagents; Water analysis; Analytical chemistry Bundelkhand region; Environmental pollution Heavy metal ions.

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Agriculture constitutes the backbone of the rural economy in District Basti, Uttar Pradesh, where nearly three-fourths of the population relies on farming and allied activities for livelihood. Although the district is endowed with fertile alluvial soils and receives an average annual rainfall of about 900-925 mm--nearly 70 percent concentrated during the monsoon season--agricultural productivity remains moderate and uneven. This study investigates the relative influence of physical and socio-economic factors on agricultural performance using descriptive statistics, percentage analysis, correlation assessment, and a simple regression framework based on district-level data.The cropping pattern reveals a strong dominance of rice (38 percent of gross cropped area) and wheat (36 percent), reflecting a monsoon-dependent rice-wheat system. Productivity levels average approximately 25-26 quintals per hectare for rice and 29 quintals per hectare for wheat, indicating scope for improvement compared to state averages. Correlation analysis suggests a positive relationship between irrigation coverage and crop productivity, while a negative association is observed between land fragmentation and mechanization intensity. Nearly 60-62 percent of farmers belong to the marginal category (below one hectare), and regression estimates indicate that farm size and irrigation access together account for a substantial proportion of variation in yield levels. Irrigation sources are dominated by tube-wells (around 50 percent), followed by canals (approximately 28 percent), pointing toward increasing groundwater dependence. Socio-economic variables such as access to institutional credit, input use intensity, and adoption of high-yielding varieties demonstrate moderate positive correlations with productivity outcomes. Conversely, vulnerability to floods and small landholdings exert downward pressure on income stability and crop performance.The findings indicate that while favorable physical conditions provide a necessary foundation, socio-economic determinants play a more decisive role in shaping agricultural efficiency in Basti. The study underscores the need for integrated interventions focused on irrigation expansion, land consolidation, enhanced credit accessibility, and technological diffusion to strengthen agricultural resilience and long-term sustainability in the district.

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 Keywords

Agriculture, Physical Factors, Socio-Economic Factors, Landholding, Irrigation, Basti District, Cropping Pattern.

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Abstract The contemporary media ecosystem is undergoing a structural reconfiguration driven by digitization, platformization, and evolving audience behaviors. While traditional media historically functioned as the institutional backbone of democratic communication, digital platforms have disrupted established hierarchies by enabling decentralized participation, algorithmic distribution, and data-driven personalization. This study provides a theoretically grounded comparative analysis of traditional and digital media, examining their evolving roles in credibility formation, accessibility, economic sustainability, and socio-political influence. Anchored in Hybrid Media System theory and supported by Network Society and Platformization frameworks, the research adopts a comparative analytical methodology synthesizing industry datasets, global media reports, and recent scholarly literature (2022-2024). Particular emphasis is placed on India as a critical site of media transformation, where legacy institutions coexist with one of the world's fastest-growing digital populations. Findings indicate that media transformation is characterized less by displacement than by convergence. Traditional media retains symbolic authority and trust capital, especially during crises, whereas digital media dominates informational velocity and audience engagement. However, algorithmic gatekeeping, misinformation flows, and attention commodification present systemic risks to epistemic stability. The study proposes an Integrated Media Coexistence Model arguing that the future of journalism lies not in technological supremacy but in adaptive synthesis combining institutional credibility with participatory affordances. By bridging Western theoretical frameworks with Global South realities, this research contributes to emerging scholarship on media hybridity and democratic resilience in platform societies.

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Hybrid Media System, Platformization, Traditional Media, Digital Media, India, Media Convergence, Algorithmic Gatekeeping, Journalism, Network Society

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In Ayurveda, Khalitya refers to hair fall. In the present era, millions of people are suffering from this condition. Khalitya is primarily a Pitta-dominant Tridoshajanya Vyadhi involving Vata, Pitta, Kapha, and Rakta Dosha. Hair adds beauty and enhances an individual's personality. Today, hair fall has become a common cosmetic concern, particularly among the young population. It is primarily due to changing lifestyles, unhealthy dietary habits, disturbed sleep patterns, systemic diseases, medications, and stress. Khalitya is described in Ayurveda under Kshudra Roga (minor diseases) or Shiroroga (diseases of the head and scalp). Sedentary living, stress, and poor nutrition contribute significantly to its progression. Most research focuses on Nasya, Raktamokshana, and Lepa. Various Ayurvedic formulations such as Bhringraja Taila, Malatyadi Tailam, Tila Taila, Asthiposhak Vati, and Rasayana drugs have been found effective in managing hair loss.

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Review on Khalitya with Special Reference to Alopecia

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Grain storage is a critical process in agriculture, as improper storage conditions lead to significant post-harvest losses due to moisture, temperature variation, pests, and fungal growth. This study proposes a Smart Grain Storage System that uses IoT-based sensors to continuously monitor environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, and gas levels inside storage units. The collected data is processed using a microcontroller and transmitted to a cloud platform for real-time monitoring and alerts. If abnormal conditions are detected, automatic control mechanisms such as ventilation fans and moisture control systems are activated. The proposed system aims to reduce grain spoilage, maintain quality, and increase storage efficiency. Based on the review of multiple research studies, the system offers a cost-effective and scalable solution for farmers and warehouses. This approach helps in minimizing losses, improving food security, and supporting sustainable agricultural practices.

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Smart grain storage, IoT, WSN, AI, post-harvest loss, predictive monitoring, automation

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Ramayana and Mahabharata are regarded as the very important religious scripture like veda and upanishada to Indians. Ramkatha is a wonderful impeccable creation of the poet. The ageless writing, Ramayana, has not influence the Indian scenario only, but also influenced the whole world. The name Ramayana is based on two words Rama and Ayana and it is a tatpurusa samasa. Which means the journey of Rama. Divided into seven kandas five hundred swargas and twenty four thousand verses, Ramayana was written before the 5th century B.C. According to Hindu religion, Sri Ramachandra was the seventh incarnation of Vishnu and a popular deity. He was born into this world has a human being to preach the religion. He appeared in various forms, as an ideal child, ideal husband, and affectionate elder, a loving king. He was born in the surya dynasty and his father was king Dasharatha, the king of Ayodhya and his mother was Kaushalya. According to Hindu religion, Ramachandra best of men. To protect his fathers honor, he relinquished the throne and went into exite for fourteen years. Ramachandra is the ideal character of India. He is the ultimate pillar of our faith. He is the symbol of truth and every one should follow him.

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Ideal Religion, Moderation, Love, Honesty.

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