Volume 6 | Issue 3 |

 Abstract

A crucial role in determining educational motivation is played by gender. The difference in educational attainment that is found between boys and girls provides evidence that educational motivation is highly gender specific. It is argued that differential market returns to educational investment in girls and boys are important determinants of parental decisions regarding schooling. Also social considerations such as perceptions of gender roles (implicit in the sexual division of labour) and son preference (biased intra-household allocation of resources) have led to educational discrimination against the female child. The perceived difference in benefits for boys and girls has definitely led to an undervaluation of female education and this is implicit in the high female non-enrolment rates and drop-out rates at different levels of education. This study attempts to analyse the gender gap in education by considering attendance ratio. The study focuses on West Bengal on the basis of data available in NSSO 52nd round.

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gender, education, attendance ratio

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In the present research Indian traditional dairy product burfi was prepared by blending finger millet with khoa in the different proportions like T1, T2, T3, T4 and T0 as 97 parts of buffalo milk khoa by weight and 3 Parts of Finger millet, 94 parts of buffalo milk khoa by weight and 6 parts of finger millet, 91 parts of buffalo milk khoa by weight and 9 parts of finger millet, 88 parts of buffalo milk khoa by weight and 12 parts of finger millet and 100 parts of buffalo milk khoa by weight without finger millet respectively. The aim of the investigation was to optimize the level of finger millet in burfi, to access the sensory properties of finger millet burfi, to study the chemical composition of finger millet burfi and to study the textural properties of finger millet burfi. The results revealed that all the sensory evaluation parameters like colour & appearance, flavour body & texture and overall acceptability values decreased as the percentage of finger millet in the burfi increased. Chemical composition parameters like moisture, fat and protein decreased with increase in the percentage of finger millet in the final product while carbohydrate, total solids and ash per cent increased with the increase in the finger millet percent in the finger millet burfi. The overall textural profile of burfi showed that sample T1 was superior to that of T0, T2, T3 and T4 treatments. From the investigation, finally it is concluded that the burfi blended with 3 per cent finger millet powder is more nutritious, acceptable and cheap for consumers

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STUDIES ON PREPARATION OF BURFI BLENDED WITH FINGER MILLET

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Mobile commerce (m-commerce) has emerged as one of the most transformative developments in the digital economy. Enabled by the rapid penetration of smartphones, affordable internet services, and advanced digital payment ecosystems, m-commerce has significantly altered consumer behaviour and business strategies worldwide. This paper examines the evolution of mobile commerce, key drivers behind its growth, emerging trends, challenges, and future opportunities. It also highlights the economic and social impact of m-commerce across global and developing markets.

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affordable internet services, and advanced digital payment ecosystems, m-commerce

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The present study examined the effects of own body exercises and plyometric training on selected speed performance among kabaddi players. Sixty male intercollegiate kabaddi players aged 19-22 years were randomly assigned into three equal groups (n=20 each): Experimental Group I (own body exercises), Experimental Group II (plyometric training), and a Control Group. Both experimental groups underwent a 12-week training program, while the control group received no special treatment. Speed was assessed through 50-meter sprint tests before and after the intervention. The pre-test means for speed were 7.04 sec (own body exercises), 7.06 sec (plyometric training), and 7.09 sec (control), with no significant difference (F=0.40, p>0.05). The post-test means were 6.90 sec, 6.93 sec, and 7.07 sec respectively, revealing a significant difference (F=5.33, p<0.05). ANCOVA results on adjusted post-test means (6.92, 6.94, 7.05) further confirmed significant group differences (F=24.79, p<0.05). Post-hoc analysis indicated that both own body exercises and plyometric training significantly improved speed compared to the control (MD=0.13 and MD=0.11, respectively), but no significant difference was observed between the two experimental groups (MD=0.01, p>0.05). The findings suggest that both own body exercises and plyometric training are effective in improving sprint speed among kabaddi players, highlighting their applicability in enhancing game-related performance.

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Kabaddi players, speed, own body exercises, plyometric training and kabaddi players

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The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and the parallel growth of renewable energy sources have positioned Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology as a critical enabler of sustainable energy transitions. V2G allows bidirectional power flow between EVs and the grid, offering services such as peak load management, frequency and voltage regulation, and improved integration of intermittent renewables. A comprehensive review of recent literature reveals significant opportunities, including reduced system costs, enhanced grid resilience, and new revenue streams for EV owners. However, widespread deployment faces multiple challenges. Technically, battery degradation, interoperability of charging standards, communication protocols, and grid stability under large-scale EV integration remain critical issues. From an institutional and policy perspective, barriers include non-harmonized standards, inadequate business models, regulatory uncertainty, and limited consumer awareness. While pilot projects demonstrate the feasibility of V2G, global implementation requires coordinated advances in battery technologies, charging infrastructure, smart grid systems, and supportive policy frameworks. This study synthesizes insights from state-of-the-art research to highlight both the potential and the bottlenecks of V2G adoption. It further identifies research gaps in socio-technical and institutional domains, underscoring the need for harmonized standards, stakeholder cooperation, and innovative market mechanisms. By bridging technical and policy perspectives, this review contributes to advancing V2G as a cornerstone of future low-carbon power and transport systems.

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Electric vehicles (EVs), Vehicle-to-grid (V2G), Grid-to-vehicle (G2V), Bidirectional charging, Battery performance and degradation, Interoperability and standards (OCPP, ISO 15118, CHAdeMO), Renewable energy integration, Demand response and peak load management, Policy and regulation, Sustainable energy transition.

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This paper examines the state of cultural preservation among indigenous ethnic communities in Assam, a region known for its rich mosaic of tribal and non-tribal cultures. Indigenous groups such as the Bodo, Mising, Karbi, Dimasa, and Rabha possess distinct languages, customs, religious practices, and oral traditions that contribute to the region's cultural diversity. However, rapid modernization, urbanization, migration, and socio-political dynamics have placed immense pressure on these communities, threatening the continuity of their cultural heritage. The paper adopts a qualitative approach, utilizing ethnographic methods including semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and analysis of cultural documents. It investigates both the challenges to and the strategies for preserving cultural identity. Findings reveal that many communities are experiencing a gradual erosion of language fluency among youth, declining traditional practices, and a shift in cultural values due to the influence of mainstream media and education. Simultaneously, there are strong efforts from within these communities to counter these trends. Local organizations, elders, and youth-led initiatives are actively involved in cultural revival through festivals, community schools, language documentation, and digital archiving. Government policies and non-governmental interventions also play a role, though their impact varies in effectiveness and reach. This study highlights the importance of culturally sensitive policy-making that empowers indigenous voices and supports sustainable cultural transmission. It concludes that while the threat of cultural loss is significant, the resilience and adaptability of Assam's indigenous communities offer hope for the preservation of their unique identities. A multi-stakeholder approach that includes education reform, legal recognition of cultural rights, and funding for community initiatives is essential for meaningful cultural sustainability.

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Indigenous communities, cultural preservation, Assam, language decline, identity

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Fractional ownership is redefining investment access in India by enabling retail investors to participate in global equity markets that were previously accessible only to high-net-worth individuals. This study, structured across eight comprehensive sections starting with an introduction that highlights how high capital thresholds once restricted Indian participation in global markets, while fractional investing now democratizes access, allowing for diversification, currency hedging, and exposure to cutting-edge sectors such as AI, biotechnology, and semiconductors. The theoretical framework is grounded in Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT), which supports the inclusion of fractional assets for optimal risk-adjusted returns, while also addressing behavioural finance concepts such as herd mentality and loss aversion, along with the challenges of currency risk. A review of traditional Indian investment habits reveals a reliance on fixed deposits, gold, and domestic equities, assets that offer safety but lack international diversification, further limited by resistance to change and gaps in financial literacy. In the context of global macro-financial trends, fractional investing aligns with a broader movement toward inclusive and tech-enabled access to high-growth global industries. The significance of this study lies in its multifaceted impact: it provides empirical guidance for investors, usability insights for fintech platforms, policy inputs for regulators, and theoretical contributions to academia. Empirical findings demonstrate that fractional global equities reduce portfolio volatility by 16.9%, enhance risk-adjusted returns, and improve sectoral diversification. The discussion reveals that young, digitally savvy professionals are early adopters, while middle-class investors remain cautious, requiring clearer regulatory frameworks and educational support. The concluding section recommends policy reforms including transparent taxation, refined LRS limits, and investor education initiatives, while suggesting future research into long-term performance metrics, behavioural patterns, and international regulatory comparisons. Overall, this study offers a timely and evidence-based exploration of fractional ownership's growing role in reshaping India's investment landscape.

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 Keywords

Fractional Investing, Portfolio Diversification, Risk-Adjusted Returns, Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT), Behavioural Biases, Currency Hedging, Retail Investors, Financial Inclusion, Liberalized Remittance Scheme (LRS), Global Equity Markets, FinTech Platforms, Micro-Investing, Investor Protection, Regulatory Frameworks, Cross-Border Investing, Digital Payments, High-Growth Sectors, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Biotechnology Investments, Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs), Taxation Compliance, Empirical

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The rise of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) has transformed the landscape of rural development and women's empowerment in India. Among the most successful examples is the Kudumbasree Mission in Kerala, which integrates poverty alleviation, microfinance, and community participation. This paper explores the socio-economic impact of Kudumbasree SHGs in Varandarappilly Panchayath of Thrissur district. This study uses both primary and secondary data. Primary data collected from 100 Kudumbashree members , this study employs descriptive analysis and simple statistical tools to examine changes in savings behaviour, credit access, income generation, and social decision-making. The findings reveal a positive correlation between SHG participation and improvements in financial independence, confidence, and standard of living, although challenges remain in employment generation and market linkage. The paper concludes with policy suggestions to enhance the sustainability and inclusiveness of SHG-based development.

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Grassroots Empowerment and Economic Transformation: A Study of Kudumbasree and Self-Help Groups in Thrissur, Kerala

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This paper investigates the relationship between interim financial reporting and earnings management (EM) in Indian firms, analysing the regulatory framework, accounting standards, and the implications of such practices on financial transparency. Using data from listed companies, it examines how interim reporting influences earnings management, particularly focusing on periods of quarterly disclosures mandated by SEBI and ICAI. The study highlights that despite regulatory efforts, Indian firms exhibit significant earnings management practices during interim periods, with a higher incidence compared to annual reports. This research identifies key factors contributing to EM, such as firm size, industry type, market expectations, and governance structures, which influence the extent of earnings manipulation. Additionally, the paper discusses the effectiveness of the regulatory and accounting frameworks, particularly the transition from Accounting Standard (AS) 25 to Ind AS 34, which aligns with international standards. The findings indicate that the limited review process and less stringent scrutiny of interim reports contribute to the persistence of earnings management. The paper concludes by offering recommendations for improving the regulatory framework, enhancing audit quality, and strengthening governance mechanisms to curb earnings manipulation and ensure the reliability of interim financial reporting in India.

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Interim financial reporting, earnings management, Indian firms, SEBI regulations, Ind AS 34, accounting standards, financial transparency, corporate governance, audit quality, quarterly disclosures.

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The integration of artificial intelligence with Internet of Things (IoT) devices has opened new frontiers in real-time human-computer interaction, especially in emotion-aware systems. However, traditional facial emotion recognition (FER) models demand high computational power, making them unsuitable for resource-constrained edge devices. This paper presents a lightweight facial emotion recognition model optimized for deployment on a Raspberry Pi, enabling real-time emotion detection at the edge without relying on cloud servers. The proposed system utilizes a compact convolutional neural network (CNN) trained on the FER-2013 dataset, which is converted to TensorFlow Lite format for efficient inference. Facial regions are detected using OpenCV's Haar Cascade classifier, followed by on-device emotion classification into key categories such as happy, sad, angry, surprised, and neutral. The system also integrates with Adafruit IO to transmit emotion data over Wi-Fi for remote monitoring and IoT-based applications. Performance evaluation demonstrates low latency, reduced power consumption, and high accuracy in real-time conditions, confirming the suitability of Raspberry Pi for edge-deployed AI tasks. The proposed model has potential applications in smart homes, emotion-aware healthcare monitoring, and intelligent human-machine interfaces.

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 Keywords

- Facial Emotion Recognition, Raspberry Pi, Edge Computing, IoT Applications, Lightweight CNN, Real-Time Processing, TensorFlow Lite, OpenCV, Smart Devices, Human-Computer Interaction, Emotion Detection, Adafruit IO, Embedded AI, Deep Learning, Low-Power AI.

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