Volume 9 | Issue 2 | February-2021

 Abstract

This research paper presents a comprehensive analysis of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) as a transformative legal innovation in Indian jurisprudence that revolutionized access to justice and constitutional governance. Originating in the late 1970s through judicial activism, PIL emerged as a radical departure from traditional locus standi principles, enabling any public-spirited citizen or organization to seek judicial intervention for the protection of collective rights and enforcement of constitutional obligations. This study traces the historical evolution of PIL from its foundational judgments in the cases of Hussainara Khatoon, Sunil Batra, and S.P. Gupta to its contemporary applications in environmental protection, human rights, governance reforms, and socio-economic justice. The research employs doctrinal analysis of landmark Supreme Court and High Court judgments, combined with qualitative assessment of PIL's impact on Indian democracy and governance. It critically examines the philosophical underpinnings of PIL as both a judicial tool for social engineering and a mechanism for democratic accountability, while evaluating its operational dynamics, institutional challenges, and unintended consequences. The study analyzes key thematic milestones including environmental jurisprudence, gender justice, prison reforms, right to education, and anti-corruption interventions, assessing PIL's role in shaping India's constitutional culture. Findings reveal that while PIL has significantly expanded the frontiers of fundamental rights, promoted participatory democracy, and addressed systemic governance failures, it has also faced criticism for judicial overreach, case overload, selective activism, and procedural misuse. The paper concludes that PIL remains a vital instrument of constitutional democracy in India, though requiring calibrated reforms to balance judicial innovation with institutional constraints, ensuring its continued relevance as a guardian of public conscience while respecting democratic separation of powers.

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 Keywords

Public Interest Litigation (PIL), Judicial Activism, Locus Standi, Constitutional Remedies, Social Justice, Environmental Jurisprudence, Human Rights, Judicial Review, Access to Justice, Supreme Court of India, Epistolary Jurisdiction, Fundamental Rights, Governance Reforms, Indian Constitution.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays is significantly influenced by climatic conditions including solar irradiance levels, ambient temperature, humidity, wind patterns, and seasonal variations that directly impact energy yield, system efficiency, and long-term degradation rates. This comprehensive study analyzes PV array performance across diverse climate zones including tropical, arid, temperate, and polar regions, examining the complex interactions between environmental parameters and electrical output characteristics. Performance data from over 50 installations worldwide demonstrates that climate-specific factors can cause energy yield variations exceeding 40% between optimal and challenging environments, even for identical system configurations. The analysis reveals that while arid climates provide highest annual irradiance levels, elevated operating temperatures reduce system efficiency by 15-25% compared to cooler environments. Conversely, temperate climates with moderate temperatures often achieve superior performance ratios despite lower irradiance availability. Humidity effects contribute to soiling accumulation and potential-induced degradation, while wind patterns influence thermal management and dust deposition rates. The study identifies optimal design strategies for each climate zone, including temperature coefficient considerations, ventilation requirements, cleaning protocols, and component selection criteria that maximize energy production while ensuring long-term reliability. These findings provide essential guidance for PV system optimization in diverse geographic regions and support accurate energy yield predictions for project development and financing.

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 Keywords

Photovoltaic Arrays, Climate Analysis, Energy Yield, Temperature Effects, Irradiance, Performance Ratio, System

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Education is a vital process for the holistic development of an individual's inherent abilities and potential. In post-independence India, the expansion and democratization of education aimed to ensure equal opportunities for all sections of society. However, disparities between urban and rural education systems, along with socioeconomic inequalities, created imbalances in access to quality education. To address this challenge and provide equal educational opportunities to meritorious students from diverse social and economic backgrounds, the Government of India established Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas under the National Policy on Education (1986).

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"A Study of Stress Levels among Students of Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas."

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The increasing demand for sustainable and energy-efficient technologies has driven the development of solar-powered embedded systems for real-time environmental monitoring. This paper presents a cost-effective and portable embedded device powered by a solar energy system integrated with a 12V rechargeable battery for continuous operation. The proposed setup employs an Arduino Uno microcontroller as the processing unit, interfaced with a temperature sensor, voltage sensor, and light intensity sensor to collect environmental data. A 16x2 LCD display is utilized to present real-time sensor readings, ensuring user-friendly interaction. The solar panel harvests energy and stores it in the battery, enabling uninterrupted functionality even in off-grid or remote locations. Experimental results demonstrate efficient solar energy utilization, stable power supply to the sensors, and reliable monitoring of environmental parameters. The proposed system contributes to the advancement of eco-friendly embedded devices and provides a foundation for future smart sensing applications in agriculture, weather stations, and sustainable IoT networks.

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 Keywords

Solar energy, Embedded systems, Arduino Uno, Environmental sensing, Renewable energy, IoT, Low-power devices.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 underscores the importance of Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) in revitalising India's educational and research landscape. Libraries play a pivotal role in this process by preserving, disseminating, and integrating IKS into mainstream curricula. This paper examines how libraries can function as custodians of IKS, particularly in the digital age, by leveraging emerging technologies to safeguard ancient knowledge and make it accessible to diverse learners. It explores the significance of IKS, outlines key library initiatives, and discusses collaborative approaches that support the NEP 2020 vision. Additionally, the paper highlights major challenges, technological opportunities, and the potential of libraries to bridge traditional knowledge systems with contemporary educational practices.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

NEP 2020, Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS), Libraries, Educational Policy, Digital Preservation, Knowledge Integration

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Groundwater contamination by natural and anthropogenic sources is a serious threat to human health, agriculture, and environmental sustainability globally. Conventional remediation technologies frequently fail because of the drawbacks of high expense, poor selectivity, and production of secondary wastes. Over the past few years, nanotechnology has acted as a revolutionary tool for groundwater treatment offering superior performance due to its high surface area, tunable reactivity, and multifunctional capabilities. This review presents a comprehensive overview of various groundwater contaminants and their sources, along with the classification and analysis of nanomaterials used for remediation, including metal nanoparticles, metal oxides, carbon nanomaterials, nanocomposites, and nano-zeolites. The major contaminant removal mechanisms like adsorption, photocatalysis, redox conversion, ion exchange, and antimicrobial action are also discussed thoroughly. Moreover, the review also covers the environmental and health hazard related to nanomaterial deployment and the technical, economic, and regulatory issues limiting the large-scale deployment. Finally, it suggests future directions that include green synthesis, material functionalization, and integration with conventional treatment systems, a path toward sustainable, safe, and efficient groundwater treatment technologies.

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 Keywords

Nanotechnology, Groundwater remediation, Contaminant Removal, Sustainable water treatment

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

In today's rapidly evolving digital era, the need for intelligent and contactless security solutions has become increasingly significant. This project presents a Raspberry Pi-based deep learning face recognition security system designed to enhance door access control through biometric authentication. The system utilizes a Raspberry Pi board as the core processing unit, paired with a Raspberry Pi Camera Module to capture real-time facial images. These images are analyzed using a pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model built with TensorFlow and Keras, ensuring accurate and efficient facial recognition. Upon successful identification of an authorized individual, the Raspberry Pi activates a relay module connected to a solenoid door lock, allowing secure and automatic door unlocking. The hardware setup is powered by a stable regulated power supply, ensuring continuous and reliable operation. The system eliminates the need for physical keys or access cards, thereby reducing the risk of unauthorized access or loss of credentials. By integrating low-cost hardware components with advanced deep learning algorithms, this project delivers a smart, scalable, and real-time face recognition access control solution suitable for homes, offices, and institutional security. The system showcases the potential of edge computing in IoT-enabled environments, combining security, automation, and ease of use in a compact framework.

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 Keywords

Raspberry Pi, Face Recognition, Deep Learning, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Solenoid Lock, Relay Module, Raspberry Pi Camera, Biometric Authentication, Smart Door Lock, Real-Time Processing, IoT Security System, OpenCV, TensorFlow, Keras, Home Automation.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

When designing vehicles capable of great speeds, wave drag must be carefully considered. Modifying the flow field ahead of the body may decrease drag. A retractable nose spike seems to be the simplest and most efficient way to lower drag on the vehicle by causing flow separation and altering the shock structure surrounding the body. There are various approaches to modify the flow field ahead of a supersonic or hypersonic body. The blunt nose of an aeroplane is the primary focus of the present investigation into flow at high speeds. In order to lessen the impact of drag, researchers looked at three different kinds of spikes. These computational models indicate that the optimal aero will reduce lift and drag. To back up the numerical findings, we utilized data from the literature. If you want better aerodynamics, less drag, or to accomplish any other design goal, you should change the blunt nose and spikes based on the results of the simulation. The data presented suggests that thermal protection may be achieved by blunting the front surface of an aircraft. Even with this reduction, the nose is still subject to a great deal of heat activity and needs far more thermal protection than the remainder of the vehicle. Modifying the frontal flow field is necessary to lessen wave drag, which is often generated by a blunt nose shape. A retractable nose spike is one method to implement this modification. One way to improve aerodynamic efficiency and decrease wave drag is to deploy a retractable spike, which may change the flow field.

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 Keywords

Mach number, Spike angle, CFD, Drag Force, Lift Force.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Gramjivan Padyatra

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Gramjivan Padyatra

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Given the increasing speed of changes in the contemporary business environment, the problem of effective decision-making emerges in the context of the abundance of dynamic data originating from diverse sources. As a framework, this paper investigates the possibilities of AI-driven data mining for improving the decision-making method. Using sophisticated machine learning approaches and data mining strategies, firms and companies can gain predictive knowledge factors that potentially enhance company performance and competitive advantage. The first stage of the methodology section of the paper provides a brief literature review. It presents AI-based data mining with a context understanding of the dynamic data environment and the corresponding literature review focusing on examining the prospects and associated difficulties. A conceptual model on how to apply AI to data mining is suggested in the framework, consisting of data acquisition, data cleaning, and model choice. Exemplification of the implementation of data mining with the help of AI across different business fields shows its advantages, accuracy, flexibility, and cost savings. However, the paper focuses on the benefits of implementing the approach and discusses the main ethical issues and considerations that organizations can face, such as data privacy, bias, and transparency. Last but not least, rising trends like explainable AI and federated learning are also introduced, raising the scope for the future of AI-based data mining for improving the reliability and positive influence of resultant decisions. This study thus simulates the need for organizations to incorporate predictions from data mining extended from artificial intelligence to compete effectively in complex data-intensive organizations.

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 Keywords

AI-Driven Data Mining, Predictive Analytics, Dynamic Data Environments, Decision-Making, Machine Learning

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition