Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that continues to pose a major global health challenge due to its rising prevalence, long-term complications, and significant economic burden. While traditional therapies such as oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin have long served as the foundation of diabetes management, recent advancements in pharmacological innovation, technology-driven monitoring, and predictive analytics have transformed modern care. Emerging drug classes--including SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and next generation insulin analogues--offer improved glycemic control along with cardiovascular and renal protection. Complementary technological innovations such as continuous glucose monitoring systems, insulin pumps, and closed-loop artificial pancreas devices enhance precision, reduce glycemic variability, and promote patient-centred care. Additionally, machine learning-based predictive models support early detection, risk stratification, and personalized treatment planning. Despite these improvements, challenges remain regarding cost, accessibility, long-term safety, and technological literacy. This review highlights recent advances in pharmacological, technological, and analytical strategies, discusses their limitations, and outlines future perspectives in achieving personalized, efficient, and equitable diabetes management.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 Diabetes, SGLT2 Inhibitors, GLP-1 Receptor Agonists, Insulin Therapy, Continuous Glucose Monitoring, Insulin Pumps, Artificial Pancreas, Machine Learning, Predictive Analytics, Pharmacological Advances, Diabetes Technology, Precision Medicine, Glycemic Control, Non-Pharmacological Interventions.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

comprehensive review on performance of lithium-ion batteries under high-altitude, sub-zero environmental conditions

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The Bone Age Prediction System is a web based tool that was developed to improve the management of bone age determination within a clinical setting. Typical measurement techniques utilize a laborious process that calls for manual interpretation of X-ray photographs combined with extensive subjective judgment by experts in order to derive the final evaluation of bone age. Using Firebase for backend functionality, including authentication and cloud based data storage, and using Streamlit as the front end user interface, the proposed tool gives a secure digital method of overcoming the limitations. The proposed system consists of three main modules, Administration, Patient, and User. Using the User Module, authorized healthcare staff can securely log into the database to manage patient information and maintain records of bone age. Using the Patient Module, patients can receive electronically generated PDF reports automatically and also access information regarding patients individual reports. Administering of the User Module is through the Administration Module. The additional support within the tool for visual analytics and data monitoring can assist with healthcare decision support. Firebase provides scalable, cloud based storage and allows data to be synchronized in real time while supporting secure authentication, providing for efficient and dependable operation of the proposed tool. The Bone Age Prediction System demonstrates how modern web based technology has the potential to improve workflow for healthcare data systems, particularly with the potential to implement machine learning based automatic prediction of bone age as well as cloud based remote.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

CNN, Deep Learning, Hand Wrist X-ray, Medical Image Analysis, Bone Age Prediction

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Environmental risk has emerged as a critical factor influencing credit rating assessments globally. As climate change intensifies and sustainability becomes central to financial decision-making, credit rating agencies are increasingly integrating environmental metrics into their evaluations. This paper explores the relationship between environmental risk and credit rating dynamics using secondary data and literature analysis. It highlights how environmental performance, carbon emissions, and climate vulnerability affect creditworthiness across sectors and regions.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Environmental Risk, Credit Rating, ESG, Climate Vulnerability

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The rapid expansion of blockchain technology and decentralized finance (DeFi) has significantly increased the adoption of smart contracts, particularly on platforms such as Ethereum. Smart contracts are autonomous, self-executing programs deployed on blockchain networks to enforce agreements without intermediaries. Despite their advantages in transparency and automation, vulnerabilities in smart contract code can lead to severe financial losses and system compromises. Historical security incidents, including the The DAO exploit, demonstrate the critical importance of proactive security auditing before deployment. The Smart Contract Vulnerability Auditor is an automated analysis framework designed to detect and mitigate security flaws in blockchain-based smart contracts. The system employs static code analysis, dynamic testing, and pattern-based vulnerability detection techniques to identify common threats such as reentrancy attacks, integer overflow and underflow, access control misconfigurations, unchecked external calls, gas inefficiencies, and timestamp dependencies. By integrating with popular development environments and blockchain testing frameworks, the tool enables real-time vulnerability assessment during the development lifecycle The proposed solution generates detailed audit reports that categorize vulnerabilities based on severity levels and provide remediation suggestions aligned with secure coding standards. This approach reduces reliance on time-consuming manual audits, minimizes human error, and enhances overall contract reliability. Additionally, the system supports scalability to audit multiple contracts efficiently and can be extended to support other blockchain platforms. Overall, the Smart Contract Vulnerability Auditor strengthens decentralized application security by providing an efficient, reliable, and automated auditing mechanism for secure smart contract deployment.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Blockchain, Ethereum, DAO, Dumb, Gesture recognition, Deaf, Flex.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

In the modern digital era, operating systems serve as the backbone of all computing devices, enabling users to interact with hardware and software resources efficiently. Despite continuous advancements in computing technology, most conventional operating systems still rely heavily on manual user interaction. Users are required to perform repetitive tasks such as opening applications, managing files, configuring system settings, and searching for information through traditional input methods like keyboard and mouse. These repetitive actions consume time, increase cognitive load, and reduce overall productivity, especially for non-technical users. With the rapid growth of artificial intelligence, intelligent personal assistants have emerged as an effective solution to simplify human-computer interaction. This paper presents Nexus, an intelligent personal OS assistant designed to enhance user experience by integrating artificial intelligence directly within the operating system environment. Nexus enables users to interact with the system using voice or text-based commands, allowing tasks to be executed quickly and efficiently without complex manual operations. The proposed system uses AI-based command processing techniques to understand user intent and perform appropriate system-level actions. Nexus acts as a smart intermediary between the user and the operating system, translating natural language commands into executable operations. The system focuses on simplicity, usability, and accessibility, making it suitable for both technical and non-technical users. By automating common tasks, Nexus reduces manual effort, minimizes errors, and improves overall system efficiency. This paper discusses the design and working of the Nexus system, including its architecture, command processing mechanism, and core functional modules. The system architecture highlights the interaction between the user interface, command processing module, AI engine, system control module, and output module. Each component plays a crucial role in ensuring accurate command interpretation and smooth task execution. The paper also explores the key features, advantages, and practical applications of Nexus in personal computing, educational environments, and office automation. In addition, the paper outlines the future scope of Nexus, emphasizing enhancements such as machine learning-based personalization, emotion recognition, multilingual support, cloud integration, and Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity. These advancements can transform Nexus into a more adaptive, context-aware, and intelligent assistant capable of operating across multiple platforms and environments.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Intelligent Personal Assistant, Artificial Intelligence, Operating System, Automation, Virtual Assistant, Human Computer Interaction

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The modern personal digital ecosystem remains under a strain of the exponentially growing multimedia content base, which leads to the unorganized media library, inefficient retrieval processes, and growing concerns about the privacy of the data and the power of the user. Classical image management systems are largely based on cloud systems in which personal media are sent to distant servers to be processed and stored, which has brought with it risks of data breach, reliance on the internet, latency, and loss of data sovereignty. The SmartMedia framework offers an Edge-AI-driven privacy-safe framework of intelligent offline media organization by fulfilling the entire media analysis pipeline on the machine of the user. The system combines a quantized Vision-Language Model that is optimized to run on the device to do automated caption, object detection, scene understanding, facial analysis and semantic tagging without depending on external APIs. The structured metadata and AI-generated descriptors are stored safely in a local SQLite database, whereas high-dimensional embeddings are indexed with FAISS to be able to provide the rapid and precise search of semantic similarity. An Electron-Python hybrid architecture will make sure there is efficient isolation between the presentation layer and computational backend which will guarantee quick user interactions as well as the management of resources. The framework will ensure that data privacy is fully achieved, the latency is minimized, and the offline functionality is not interrupted by eliminating cloud dependency and implementing secure local storage with controlled access mechanisms. The empirical testing of the prototype developed indicates that the semantic retrieval is performing high with low-computational costs on consumer-grade equipment, which confirms that it is possible to deploy advanced multimodal AI models at the edge. The suggested system defines a scalable, secure and privacy-conscious system of smart media organization in the contemporary digital contexts.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Edge AI, Offline Media Organization, Vision-Language Models, Semantic Image Retrieval, On-Device Inference, Data Privacy

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The convergence of cybersecurity and financial auditing represents a critical frontier in organizational risk management. As digitalization expands, vulnerabilities in cyber systems increasingly affect financial integrity, governance, and compliance. This review synthesizes multidisciplinary perspectives to propose a unified framework that integrates cybersecurity assurance and financial audits within enterprise risk management (ERM) principles. Through systematic review and empirical insights, the study identifies significant relationships between cybersecurity audit maturity, unified assurance adoption, and financial-audit quality. Experimental analysis across 46 organizations reveals that integrated assurance practices improve risk-mitigation efficiency by 22 % on average. The proposed Unified Cyber-Financial Audit Assurance Model emphasizes governance alignment, control assessment convergence, and continuous improvement feedback loops. Future research should explore automation, AI-driven audit analytics, and cross-sector adoption to enhance the predictive and preventative potential of integrated assurance systems.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Cybersecurity Audit, Financial Audit, Unified Assurance, Governance, Enterprise Risk Management (ERM), Assurance Analytics.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This study examines the postcolonial identity and cultural hybridity within the subsequent writings by Salman Rushdie's Midnight Children and The Satanic Verses. In this manner, this article investigates how Rushdie challenges the traditional view that identity and culture are static. Some consistent categories that are shaped by history and the universe. To examine how Rushdie's characters struggle with the complexity of their identities in the postcolonial context, the article utilizes postcolonial theory. The research concentrates on the formation of identity in Rushdie's works and the ways his characters persist and influenced by colonial and worldwide factors. Likewise, it assesses Rushdie's approach to hybridity alongside other postcolonial authors to demonstrate his contribution to the domain via the implementation of magical realism and storytelling methods. The current study contributes to the current field of postcolonial studies by offering new viewpoints on the portrayal of culture, history and identity in Rushdie's novels. They stress the significance of hybridity as a notion for the examination of postcolonial identity within the framework of contemporary global issues. The piece concludes with an identification of paths for additional investigation, with the author urging for additional investigation into the ethical and political dimensions of Rushdie's portrayal of hybridity and its significance in today's globalized society.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Postcolonialism, cultural hybridity, global issues, Salman Rushdie

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract: Urban Morphology is the study of the human settlements and the process of their formation and transformation. The study mainly emphasized on the discussion of the spatial structure and characteristics of the metropolitan area, city or town by examine the patterns of its component part and the process of its development. Here also involve the analysis of physical structure at different scales as well as the patterns of movement, land use, ownership and occupation. Special attention is given to how the physical form of city changes through time. Land is very important physical component in the urban morphology. Land is the basic natural resources which provides space and many raw materials for various development and other activities. But in the present context this component is use in a frequently manner due to increasing population. To satisfy the objectives of this study, mainly descriptive statistics have been incorporated. Decadal growth rate, population density, sex ratio, work participation rate, literacy rate, satisfaction index and some others techniques have been used. Other hand, different types of relevant cartographic techniques and presentation have been applied. Kanchrapara is a small municipal town, its distance 48 km. from Kolkata. Kanchrapara Municipality belongs to the Kolkata Metropolitan District Area (KMDA). It's situated in the Bizpur Police Station within the Barrackpore-I subdivision, under the North 24-Parganas in West Bengal

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: Municipality, Sustainable, Development and Demography.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition