Volume 13 | Issue 11 |

 Abstract

Terrorism has changed overtime in tandem with technological advancement, evolving from hierarchical militant formations to decentralised online movements. The most recent developments in extremist recruiting and radicalisation in the twenty-first century have been artificial intelligence (AI) and online gaming environments. The combination of immersive gaming environments, algorithmic recommendation systems, and youth-driven digital subcultures has produced an ecology that is both dangerous and empowering. Extremist actor uses these platforms to create communities, disseminate false information, and prepare susceptible people, transforming routine online contacts into possible entry points for radicalisation. With the use of chatbots, deepfake technology, and AI-powered personalisation, radicals may also create appealing and focused narratives that resemble real peer interaction. The study finds key youth vulnerabilities that make young users especially vulnerable to online manipulation, such as identity problems, social estrangement, and digital immersion. The development of "serious games" for digital literacy, community policing programs like "Gaming with the Police," and gamified awareness campaigns aimed at refuting extremist narratives are among the counter-radicalization (P/CVE) approaches that are evaluated. Legal and ethical issues still exist in spite these initiatives. While proactive moderation is limited by constitutional free speech rights, surveillance powers are restricted by data privacy rules such as EU's General Data Privacy Regulation. Furthermore, disparities in international cyberlaw make it difficult to respond to online extremism in coordinated manner. The finding show that existing preventative tactics are still reactive, fragmented, and frequently ineffective in connecting with young gamers. The study suggests that a multifaceted approach is needed to mitigate AI-driven radicalisation, including cross-sector cooperation between governments, academics, and the game industry, as well as legal change and ethical AI governance. Societies cannot handle the growing relationship between AI, youth, and extremism and guarantee that technology act as catalyst for resilience rather than radicalisation unless they adopt a comprehensive and rights-respecting strategy.

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 Keywords

Keywords- Artificial Intelligence, Online Gaming, Youth Radicalisation, Counter- terrorism, Extremism

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 Abstract

With growing concerns over hygiene and worker safety, the demand for automated sewage management systems has significantly increased. This paper presents the design and development of a semi-autonomous sewage cleaning system that uses an L-shaped robotic arm operated by an ESP32 microcontroller. The system is designed to collect floating waste from sewage channels using a servo/DC motor and a net-based mechanism. By automating the cleaning process, the system reduces human exposure to harmful conditions while maintaining cost-effectiveness and operational efficiency. Future improvements such as IoT connectivity, solar power integration, and sensor-based automation can further enhance its functionality and sustainability.

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 Keywords

Sewage Cleaning, Automation, ESP32, Robotic Arm, IoT, Waste Management

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) have a bulk density less than gastric fluids and so remain buoyant in the stomach without affecting gastric emptying rate for a prolonged period of time. While the system is floating on the gastric contents, the drug is released slowly at the desired rate from the system. After release of drug, the residual system is emptied from the stomach. This results in an increased GRT and a better control of the fluctuations in plasma drug concentration. FDDS can be divided into non-effervescent and gas-generating system. The floating microspheres (Hollow Microspheres) are the gastro-retentive drug delivery systems based on non-effervescent approach. Hollow microspheres are in strict sense, spherical empty particles without core, free flowing powders consisting of proteins or synthetic polymers, ideally having a size in the range 1-1000 micro meter. Gastro-retentive floating microspheres are low-density systems that have sufficient buoyancy to float over gastric contents and remain in stomach for prolonged period. The drug is released slowly at desired rate resulting in increased gastric retention with reduced fluctuations in plasma drug concentration.

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 Keywords

Microsphere, Gastro retentive, Hydrogels, Floating drug delivery system.

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This paper provides a comprehensive legal and ethical analysis of the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into modern political campaigning. It examines the dualistic role of AI, which simultaneously offers unprecedented tools for voter engagement and campaign efficiency while posing significant threats to democratic integrity through the proliferation of disinformation, deepfakes, and invasive micro targeting. The paper conducts a comparative analysis of regulatory frameworks, contrasting the proactive, advisory-led approach of the Election Commission of India (ECI) with the comprehensive, rights-based EU AI Act and the fragmented, disclosure-focused legislation in the United States. Through an examination of key case laws, including the Cambridge Analytical scandal and incidents from the 2024 Indian general election, the paper identifies core challenges in regulation, such as the "pacing problem" of law versus technology and the tension between curbing harmful content and protecting free speech. The paper concludes by offering a multi-stakeholder framework of recommendations, advocating for amendments to existing Indian laws (the Representation of the People Act, 1951, and the Information Technology Act, 2000), mandating algorithmic and financial transparency, prohibiting specific malicious AI applications, and investing in public digital literacy to foster a resilient electorate.

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 Keywords

Artificial intelligence, technology, election, deepfake, campaigns, politics

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The research, entitled "A Study of Institutional and Psychosocial Factors in Accessing Academic Status among Prostitutes' Children", was done to study the correlation between institutional and psychosocial factors and academic efficacy of the children of prostitutes. A descriptive-correlational research design was employed, and the sample consisted of 120 students from NGO-operated residential and government schools within Nagpur District, Maharashtra. Academic status, parental attitude, socioeconomic status, school environment, and teacher support were measured using standardized tools. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, t-tests, and ANOVA. The findings suggest a strong and positive correlation between academic efficacy and school environment, teacher support, parental attitudes, and socio-economic status. There was no significant difference in academic efficacy in relation to gender, but a significant difference was observed in relation to the different types of institutions, with students in NGO-run schools demonstrating higher academic efficacy. This research provides empirical evidence on institutional and psychosocial aspects which was related to academic efficacy and the necessity of inclusive educational methods for marginalized learners.

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Academic efficacy, prostitutes' children, school environment, psychosocial factors, inclusive education

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Pilonidal sinus disease is a chronic granulomatous condition characterized by the presence of hair embedded within the subcutaneous tissue, leading to persistent infection and inflammation. The condition is often described as nests of hair due to its pathognomonic appearance . In classical Ayurvedic literature, Shalyaj Nadi Vrana described in the Sushruta Samhita bears a close resemblance to pilonidal sinus in both clinical presentation and management approach. Conventional surgical management typically involves excision of the sinus tract followed by primary closure however, this method carries a considerable risk of postoperative wound infection, delayed healing, and recurrence, often resulting in prolonged hospitalization . In contrast, rhomboid flap reconstruction has been shown to minimize recurrence rates and postoperative complications while enabling faster recovery and improved wound healing. This is case report of 20 years old male patient complaint of painful swelling at intergluteal cleft since 4 month and Blood stain pus discharge from lesion since 4 month with fever on& off & difficulty in sitting. Patient not given any previous history of surgical intervention. This patient underwent Rhomboid flap reconstructive procedure. Patient wound was healed primarily with minimal scarring and less postoperative pain, no flap necrosis, no seroma formation .

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Pilonidal sinus , Rhomboid Flap Reconstruction ,Shalyaj Nadivrana

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Globalization has brought about profound changes in various sectors, including the food system, in an increasingly interconnected world. As nations and economies become more interdependent, food production, distribution and consumption have undergone significant transformations. This paper aims to explore the multifaceted impact of globalization on the food system, shedding light on both the positive and negative consequences that have emerged. Food globalization refers to the worldwide exchange and consumption of food products, resulting in a diverse and interconnected global food market. This phenomenon has been driven by advances in transportation, communication and trade policies, allowing culinary ingredients and dishes to cross borders and cultures. Food globalization describes the worldwide distribution and sharing of food products, culinary practices and food-related knowledge. As an essential aspect of globalization, it reflects how food products and practices cross international boundaries. This process influences cultural traditions, economic dynamics and nutritional choices, impacting both producers and consumers globally. Food globalization has historical roots in ancient trade routes such as the Silk Road and the Spice Routes. These ancient pathways facilitated the exchange of spices, grains and other food items among different civilizations. Today, advancements in transportation and communication continue to accelerate the spread of food products worldwide, increasing accessibility and variety for consumers everywhere.

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Globalization, trade policies, phenomenon, culinary ingredients, nutritional choices.

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HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Air) filters, primarily composed of borosilicate fiberglass fibers, offer high-efficiency filtration of airborne contaminants but pose latent health and environmental risks. This paper explores the potential health hazards of fiberglass particle release from HEPA filters, evidence from experimental studies and case reports associating fiberglass and silica dust with respiratory diseases like silicosis. It also addresses economic and environmental issues of cartridge disposal and replacement costs. The need for transitioning to natural fiber-based sustainable filters that offer safer, biodegradable, and cost-effective alternatives is underscored.

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Health Risks and Environmental Concerns of Fiberglass-Based HEPA Filters and Advantages of Natural Sustainable Alternatives

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Moral values are central to shaping adolescents into ethical and responsible citizens. However, in today's rapidly changing world, exposure to social media, peer influence, and shifting family dynamics has led to increasing moral dilemmas among young learners. This study, based on Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development, examined the moral reasoning of adolescent students with respect to grade and gender. Using a descriptive survey method, data were collected from 73 students of Grades VIII and IX through a validated rating scale aligned to Kohlberg's three levels of morality. Results revealed that students demonstrated the highest mean scores in post-conventional reasoning, followed by pre-conventional and conventional reasoning. Grade IX students showed significantly higher post-conventional reasoning than Grade VIII, reflecting developmental progression, while reliance on pre-conventional and conventional reasoning declined. Gender-wise, girls scored significantly higher at the pre-conventional level, but no significant differences were observed at the conventional and post-conventional levels. The findings highlight the importance of strengthening moral education during adolescence to nurture principled, value-driven decision-making in students.

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Moral Values, Adolescents, Kohlberg's Theory

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Oral dissolving films (ODFs) are advanced oral dosage forms designed for application onto the buccal mucosa, offering both local and systemic therapeutic effects. These films are often preferred over conventional oral drug delivery systems due to their flexibility, ease of use, and improved patient comfort. ODFs leverage the bioadhesive properties of certain polymers, which, upon hydration, adhere to specific mucosal regions for prolonged periods. This allows them to bypass first-pass metabolism and enhance bioavailability. Additionally, they are self-administerable, cost-effective, and exhibit high patient compliance. Among the various techniques used for formulating ODFs, the solvent casting method is the most widely employed. Typically, hydrophilic polymers are combined with other excipients to create films that disintegrate rapidly, releasing the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) within seconds. ODFs provide multiple advantages, including ease of access, simple administration and withdrawal, strong mucosal retention, low enzymatic degradation, cost-efficiency, and enhanced patient compliance. These attributes contribute to their growing potential for commercial and therapeutic application. This review focuses on the mechanism of action, advantages, formulation components, preparation methods, evaluation parameters, and currently marketed ODF products. It also discusses advancements in novel fast-dissolving technologies within this drug delivery platform.

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 Keywords

Solvent casting method, Rolling Method, flexible films, Compressed film based-systems, Mucoadhesive sustained release films

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