Volume 13 | Issue 10 |

 Abstract

Abstract: This paper synthesizes historical, genetic, anthropological, and socio-cultural research to examine competing and complementary explanations for the origin and persistence of caste in South Asia. The historical literature has long debated whether caste primarily crystallized with the arrival of Indo-European-speaking groups or whether it emerged from earlier, indigenous forms of stratification organized around clan, totem, and occupation. As a result of recent genetic studies, simple "imposition" narratives have been complicated. This research has revealed that structures of social status, marital control, and occupational specialization existed before Indo-Aryan linguistic groups were fully consolidated. Furthermore, superimposition of endogamy on exogamy in later times reinforced hierarchy rather than creating it ex-nihilo (Ambedkar vol. 1). The evidence from mitochondrial DNA, Y-chromosome lineages, and medical genetics shows substantial maternal continuity across populations with sharper differentiation in paternal lines, consistent with gendered pathways of social incorporation and boundary making. Religious rationalizations around purity and pollution subsequently codified these social boundaries; colonial and postcolonial knowledge practices then reinterpreted, enumerated, or politicized them. Contemporary work in development studies and social psychology reveals the durable impact of caste on opportunity, skill acquisition, health, and subjective beliefs about agency. Throughout, we show that caste is best understood as a historically layered formation: early agrarian and tribal orders sedimented into ranked groups; religious and legal regimes sanctified those ranks; endogamy locked them in place; and modern institutions alternately challenge and reproduce them. We conclude by outlining a framework that reconciles genetic homogeneity with social heterogeneity and highlights how methodological pluralism, combining archives, ethnography, surveys, and genomics, yields a more adequate account of caste's past and present.

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 Keywords

Keywords: Caste, Varna, Jati, Endogamy, Indo-Aryan Migration, Purity and Pollution, Genetic Ancestry, Colonial Enumeration, Skill Development, Psychosocial Outcomes.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This research paper aims to investigate the Townsite Sales Application (TSA) process in Baguio City, Philippines, addressing the research problem of understanding the issues and variables affecting TSA applications in selected barangays. The study follows a qualitative research design, employing exploratory and descriptive research methods to gather data. Collaboration with various entities, including government offices and geodetic engineers, was crucial for effective communication and data collection. Data was collected through documentation, non-statistical survey questionnaires, and live interviews. The findings from the analysis of the data shed light on the complexities and challenges involved in the TSA process. Major trends and factors were identified, including overlapping issues, ancestral land claims, tie-line problems, land suitability, and the payment process contributing to pending applications. The Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) 's involvement in hazard assessments and the unexpected encounters that can disrupt the process, such as adverse claimants and policy changes, were highlighted. The perspectives of approving and processing authorities, geodetic engineers, and barangay officials provided insights into common issues and limitations faced during the TSA process. Based on the data analysis, it is concluded that streamlining the application process, enhancing coordination among stakeholders, increasing awareness and education, supporting geodetic engineers, and addressing corruption and bureaucracy are crucial for improving the TSA process in Baguio City. These recommendations aim to promote a more efficient, transparent, and fair land development and ownership system.

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 Keywords

Townsite Sales Application (TSA) | Streamlining the application process | Awareness and education | Efficient TSA process | Transparent TSA process | Coordination among stakeholders | Fair system for land development and ownership | Pending applications

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Trypanosomiasis, Trypanosome, Sleeping Sickness, Parasitemia, Tetrapleura tetraptera

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Investment means using money with the goal of increasing wealth over time. People can choose to invest directly by buying and managing securities themselves or indirectly through financial intermediaries like mutual funds. When investing directly, the person has full responsibility for all decisions, which requires good knowledge of the market and strong skills in managing a portfolio. On the other hand, when investing indirectly, the person relies on professional fund managers to make investment decisions, which lessens the personal responsibility and effort involved. This paper looks at the risk and return levels of some of the best-rated equity mutual funds in India. It uses statistical tools such as standard deviation, Sharpe ratio, beta, Jensen's alpha, and Treynor's ratio to compare how different fund categories perform. These categories include ELSS, large-cap, mid-cap, and flexi-cap funds. The study aims to find out which investment schemes offer good returns relative to the risk taken and provides guidance for investors.

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Mutual Funds, ELSS, Large-Cap, Mid-Cap, Flexi-Cap, Risk-Return, Sharpe Ratio, Jensen's Alpha

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Reliable data transmission is a fundamental requirement in modern communication systems. Signals transmitted over communication channels are often corrupted due to noise, interference, and fading, leading to transmission errors. Channel coding, which includes error detection and correction techniques, plays a vital role in ensuring data integrity. This paper provides a comprehensive review of error control techniques, including Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ), Forward Error Correction (FEC), and block coding, with a focus on Golay codes. The paper discusses the types of transmission errors, coding structures, implementation methods, and highlights recent developments in high-speed and efficient error correction for memory and communication applications.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Error Detection, Error Correction, Forward Error Correction, Golay Codes, Block Codes, Communication Systems

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This study focuses on designing and analyzing a Pelton wheel bucket using SolidWorks and ANSYS to evaluate its performance under realistic hydraulic loading. Three materials--Inconel 625, Gray Cast Iron, and Stainless Steel--were compared. Inconel 625 showed superior strength and fatigue resistance, Gray Cast Iron offered cost benefits but lower durability, and Stainless Steel provided balanced strength, corrosion resistance, and affordability. The study emphasizes CAD and FEA integration for optimizing Pelton wheel bucket design to enhance efficiency, durability, and sustainability in hydroelectric systems.

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Pelton wheel, Finite Element Analysis (FEA), Material selection, ANSYS simulation, Hydroelectric power

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This project focuses on designing and analyzing a camshaft using SolidWorks and ANSYS. A 3D model was developed and tested under real conditions to study stress, deformation, and vibration. Three materials--Gray Cast Iron, Inconel 718, and Aluminium Alloy--were compared. Inconel 718 showed superior strength and fatigue resistance, Gray Cast Iron offered good damping and cost benefits, while Aluminium Alloy provided lightweight advantages. The study emphasizes material selection for improving

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camshaft, aluminium alloy, grey cast iron and Inconel 718

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Consumption is one of the most important economic behaviour of human beings. It is the ultimate goal of all economic activities. The standard of living of the people of a country depends upon the levels and patterns of consumption. Among the states of India, Kerala is well known across the world for achieving developed world levels of social development. Another unique feature of Kerala is that it is a consumer state producing very little in terms of consumer goods. For a detailed understanding of the consumption pattern of Kerala, a sample survey was carried out. The present study is an attempt to compare the food consumption expenditure of the households in different income groups, i.e., BPL and APL income groups.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Consumption Pattern, economic variables, households, rural, urban, income groups

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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"A Descriptive study to assess the knowledge of antenatal mothers with a view to develop and distribute pamphlet regarding antepartum hemorrhage in village Joghon Nalagarh, dist. Solan" Was undertaken by Dr. Rahul Sharma and Ranjna Thakur in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of BSC nursing at lord Mahavira nursing college Nalagarh .Following objectives were set for the study .To assess the knowledge regarding antepartum hemorrhage among antenatal mothers. To find the association between demographical variables and knowledge among antenatal mothers. To provide pamphlets to antenatal mothers regarding antepartum hemorrhage. The design of the study was Non experimental research design based on descriptive approach the study was conducted in village Joghon Nalagarh ,and sample was antenatal mothers. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 40 samples for the study The tools used for the study were structured knowledge questionnaire to assess the knowledge regarding antepartum hemorrhage . the data gathered was analyzed by employing descriptive and inferential statistics. The major findings of the study were: The majority of antenatal mothers (65%) were in the age group of 24-28. The majority of antenatal mothers (25%) were having primary education The majority of antenatal mothers (87.5%) are Hindu the majority of antenatal mothers i.e. (100% )belongs to rural area. The majority of antenatal mothers( 92.5%) were vegetarian The majority of antenatal mothers i.e. (100%) were housewife : The majority of antenatal mothers (12.5% )were having monthly income 8000.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Antepartum Hemorrage, Pregnancy, Health education

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Education today suffers from a crisis of fragmentation, with systems privileging measurable outputs while neglecting the integrated development of intellectual, emotional, physical, social, and spiritual capacities. This paper advances a framework for holistic education in India by synthesizing G. I. Gurdjieff's Fourth Way--grounded in self-remembering, conscious labour, and the harmonization of human centres--with Indian philosophical and pedagogical traditions from the Bhagavad Gita, Buddhist mindfulness, Jain ethics, and the educational visions of Vivekananda, Aurobindo, Tagore, Krishnamurti, and Malaviya. Holistic education is conceptualized here as the intentional cultivation of integrated being and ethical agency, reframing the aim of schooling from market readiness to responsible and awakened personhood. The paper highlights convergences and productive tensions between Gurdjieff's practices and Indian ideals of dharma, yoga, ahi?s?, and mindful action, demonstrating how inner disciplines can operationalize values often left aspirational in policy. Situated within the context of India's National Education Policy 2020, the framework translates mandates for multidisciplinary, value-based, and experiential learning into implementable curricular designs, illustrated through applications in guru-shishya mentorship, meta-learning, Social and Emotional Learning, Learning to Live Together, and Global Citizenship Education, supported by alternative assessments such as portfolios, performance tasks, and narrative evidence. Further, it outlines teacher preparation pathways that embed attention practices and reflective communities, while proposing a research agenda linking Gurdjieffian exercises to outcomes in attention, regulation, empathy, and school climate. By bridging classical wisdom, contemporary psychology, and policy directions, the paper offers a practical and transformative vision for rehumanizing Indian education and reorienting success toward presence, responsibility, and harmony.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Holistic Education; G. I. Gurdjieff; Fourth Way; Indian Philosophy; National Education Policy 2020; Value-based Education; Experiential Learning

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition