Volume 13 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

Salinity stress caused by high concentration of salts in the soil is a pervasive issue worldwide impacting agricultural productivity and sustainability. saline soil contain excessive levels of soluble salts primarily sodium chloride (NaCl), which can disrupt plant physiological processes. For glycophytes, plants like fenugreek that are not adapted to saline conditions, exposure to high salt levels can lead to osmotic stress, ion toxicity ad nutrient imbalance. these conditions severely affect plant growth, development and yield. The impact of salinity stress on Trigonella foenum graceum is multifaceted. High salt conditions can impede seed germination, reduce seedling vigor, and limit plant growth by affecting photosynthesis, nutrient uptake and protein synthesis. Salinity also can induce oxidative stress, leading to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (RoS) that damage cellular components. given the economic importance of fenugreek and its increasing demand, understanding the effects of salinity stress on this crop and exploring potential mitigation strategies and imperative. The following experimentation aims to provide an in-depth analysis of effects of salinity stress on Trigonella foenum graecum, focusing on physiological and biochemical interventions. Enhancing the salinity tolerance of fenugreek not only promises to improve crop yields and quality but also contributes to sustainable agriculture and food security in regions affected by soil salinity. In response to salinity stress fenugreek activates various biochemical pathways aimed at mitigating the adverse effects. one key response is the accumulation of osmoprotectants, such as proline and glycine betaine, which help maintain cellular osmotic balance and protect macromolecules from damage. additionally, the antioxidant defense system is upregulated to counteract oxidative stress enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX) play crucial roles in scavenging RoS and minimizing oxidative damage (Singh et al. 2018)

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Salinity stress in fenugreek NaCl stress in Trigonella foenum graecum

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Artificial intelligence refers to the simulation of human intelligence or mimic their actions. By adoption of Artificial intelligence in public policy cycle is likely to strengthen the foundational principles of good governance i.e. 3Es - Efficiency, Economy and Effectiveness. This paper aims to understand the role of Artificial intelligence in public policy process and to examine how AI can mitigate the challenges that arise at various stages of policy cycle.

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 Keywords

Artificial intelligence, Public policy cycle, Efficiency, Economy, Effectiveness and Challenges

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 Abstract

kuposhit bachchon ko aksar mahatvapoorn sangyaanaatmak haani ka saamana karana padata hai, jo aavashyak sookshm poshak tatvon kee kamee vaale aahaar ke parinaamasvaroop hota hai, jo poorvaskoolee aayu ke bachchon mein uchit mastishk vikaas ke lie mahatvapoorn hain. is samasya mein kaee kaarak yogadaan karate hain, jinamen kharaab khaan-paan kee aadaten, kam saamaajik aarthik sthiti aur uchit poshan ke baare mein seemit jaagarookata shaamil hai. ye tatv ek aisa chakr banaate hain jo vikaas aur seekhane kee kshamataon ko baadhit karata hai, jo antatah bachche kee bhavishy kee kshamata ko prabhaavit karata hai. 100 preeskoolar ke ek adhyayan se pata chala hai ki kuposhan se peedit bachchon ne achchhee tarah se poshit saathiyon kee tulana mein sangyaanaatmak aakalan par kam ank pradarshit kie.

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Poorv-Schoolee Bachche, Sangyaaaanaatmak Vikaas, Kuposhan, Bhojan Aadaten, Poshan.

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This paper explores how Indian Christianity is engaging with digital technology, revealing shifts in worship, spirituality, community, identity, authority, and cultural expression. Drawing on digital religion research, it shows how traditional practices are being reimagined through online platforms, fostering "digital inculturation" that blends theological heritage with technological innovation. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated these changes, expanding virtual worship, pastoral care, and activism, while raising questions on sacramental validity and the digital divide. Indian Christians navigate global connectivity and local rootedness, using vernacular expressions, cultural symbols, and social justice advocacy to shape distinct cyber-practices. The study offers insights into religious adaptation in a digitally interconnected yet culturally diverse context.

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Virtuality, Internet, Cyber Practices, Indian Christianity, Digital Religion

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Traditional Indian food includes a wide range of meals from different parts of the country, diets, and ways of cooking them. The carbon footprint of 753 classic Indian dishes is examined in this extensive study to assess their environmental impact and find tren ds among dietary habits and regions. Using a Kaggle dataset that included comprehensive nutritional and carbon footprint data, we evaluated foods from three dietary categories (vegetarian, non-vegetarian, and eggetarian) and five geographical regions (North, South, East, West, and Continental). Our study shows notable disparities in environmental impact, with non-vegetarian dishes having a carbon footprint that is 2.38 times more than that of vegetarian substitutes (1.3413 vs. 0.5640 kg CO2e). According to regional data, South Indian cuisines have the lowest average impact (0.5726 kg CO2e), whereas Continental food has the most (0.7079 kg CO2e). The study offers vital information for creating sustainable dietary recommendations and encouraging ecologically friendly traditional Indian food selections.

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carbon footprint, Traditional Indian cuisine, Environmental impact, Sustainable diet, regional cuisine, Food sustainability

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Diabetes mellitus is a complex, chronic condition that requires early and accurate diagnosis to prevent long-term complications. Traditional machine learning models rely on unimodal inputs, such as retinal images or blood test reports, which may not capture the full clinical context of the patient. This research proposes a comprehensive multimodal deep learning framework that integrates three heterogeneous data sources: retinal fundus images, structured blood test reports, and unstructured clinical notes extracted from electronic health records (EHRs). The visual data is processed using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to extract spatial features from retinal images, while tabular lab data is modeled using feed-forward neural networks. For clinical text, we leverage the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) to capture semantic and contextual representations of patient history. A late fusion strategy is employed to combine modality-specific embeddings and generate a unified prediction for diabetes diagnosis and risk scoring. Our model is trained and evaluated on a multimodal dataset comprising real-world patient records. Preliminary results demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly outperforms unimodal models in terms of accuracy, F1-score, and AUC. The study highlights the potential of multimodal AI systems to provide more robust, explainable, and patient-specific diagnostic support in clinical settings. Future work will focus on improving interpretability and adapting the model for real-time deployment in healthcare systems.

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Multimodal learning, diabetes prediction, deep learning, BERT, retinal imaging, clinical notes, EHR, blood test data, fusion networks, medical AI, explainable AI, healthcare analytics

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A non-fluctuating and efficient power delivery system is essential for the effective functioning of rural industry clusters, which consists of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) involved in sectors like agriculture, textiles, food processing, handicrafts and more. However rural areas often face inconsistent electricity due to outdated infrastructure, inaccurate forecasting, and limited automation. This paper proposes a lightweight, AI based predictive model for detecting power supply fluctuations using historical voltage and frequency data. By integrating rule-based logic with a user-friendly web interface developed in Streamlit, the system provides real-time visualizations and alerts on voltage instability. The achieved a prediction accuracy of approximately 90% with a response time of 2-3 seconds for large datasets. In contrast to advanced smart grid solutions, the proposed system is tailored for rural environments with constrained connectivity and users with minimal technical expertise. It presents a feasible direction for building resilient and inclusive forecasting tools that can enhance energy reliability in rural industry clusters.

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Rural industry clusters, voltage fluctuation prediction, ai based prediction, frequency data analysis, real-time visualization, lightweight machine learning model, energy reliability, rural electrification, low-infrastructure solution

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The world has witnessed the suffering and pain of human beings, and women are the most suffering beings. There was less glint of light of justice for those depressed ones. They were bereft of education, politics, economical issues and ownership of wealth, and understood as things of use. Ownership of wealth, writing, politics and big social issues were assumed as fixed deposit patriarchal properties. After a long time, it was women's own consciousness that brought them on the path of struggle to snatch their rights from dominated beings. With the passage of time they started to sense their suffering and pain, and on the other hand they accessed freedom of patriarchal society. Kamala Das is a fearless poetess in Indian English Poetry. She fought with her senses using her pen as a powerful weapon to awaken the consciousness of women. Through her poetry she resists the dominance of patriarchal society on women and teaches women to be aware and conscious.

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Suffering, Struggle, consciousness, Patriarchal, Freedom, Dominated, Education, Politics, Ownership, Depressed

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The paper aims to explore the role of radio as a posthuman catalyst in Anthony Doerr's All the Light We Cannot See, foregrounding how nonhuman technologies mediate identity, ethics, and relationality in wartime conditions. Drawing on posthumanist theories by Rosi Braidotti and N. Katherine Hayles, the paper argues that the radio functions not merely as a narrative device or technological artifact, but as an active agent within a distributed network of cognition, care, and resistance. Through its capacity to collapse temporal and spatial distances, the radio enables new modes of becoming that transcend the limitations of the human body and national ideology. For the blind protagonist Marie-Laure, the radio acts as a prosthetic sensory extension, facilitating epistemological and affective access to the world. For Werner, an orphaned German boy enlisted into the Nazi war machine, radio transmissions disrupt ideological indoctrination and awaken a relational ethics rooted in empathy and shared vulnerability. The paper examines how sound waves and disembodied voices constitute a posthuman ecology of connection, challenging humanist binaries such as self/other, body/machine, and presence/absence. The radio is both a weapon of surveillance and a tool of subversion, revealing the ambivalent entanglements of human and nonhuman actors. In treating radio not simply as historical context but as a posthuman node of transformation, Doerr's novel reimagines resilience, memory, and moral responsibility in a technologically mediated world.

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Posthumanism, Radio technology, Anthony Doerr, Werner, Wartime communication, Nonhuman networks, Ethics of connectivity

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In Indian literature as well as in Bengali literature, the position of tribal society can be observed from the era of the Charyapada. Novelist Ashutosh Mukhopadhyay, who started writing from the fifties, has also written about that ancient tribal society in several novels. Throughout his novel 'Panchatpa' there is a various picture of tribal life. There are hills in two sides of Marai river. Many villages of tribal Santals are at the foot of those hills. The main plot of the novel starts from this place. The novelist has started weaving the novel by putting the modernity of the civilized society in front of the ancient uneducated tribal people in this region on the banks of Marai. As a result, various reactions of the tribal society and the history of their life are found. And from this history it is known about the struggle for the survival of that primitive civilization till today. In the novel 'Panchatpa' on one side there is a struggle for existence and on the other side there is how a new civilized society has arisen based on the existence of those early humans. The road to new urbanization is widening.

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??????? (Novel), ????????? (Novelist) , ???????? (Psychology), ?????? (Urbanization), ??????? ???? (Tribal life), ??? ???? (Civilized Society), ?????? ?????? (Class Discrimination), ????????? (Libido), ??????? (Relationship), ????????? ???? (Upper class), ????????? ???? (Middle class).

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