Volume 14 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

This work examines natural-language computational tasks involving substantial uncertainty. It reviews debates on uncertainty modeling in probability and possibility theory, including Zadeh's claim that some Computing with Words tasks are unsuitable for probabilistic treatment. It proposes a constructive probabilistic approach using specialized Kolmogorov-measure probability spaces to clarify the relationship between the two theories. Introduced by L. A. Zadeh in the late 1970s, possibility theory models flexible restrictions from vague information. As a non-classical uncertainty theory, it differs from probability theory while remaining closely related to it. The discussion also highlights key similarities and differences between possibility theory and other uncertainty frameworks, especially probability theory.

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 Keywords

Natural language, Possibility theory, Probability theory, Relationship.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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ABSTRACT: The paper presents a method of projecting census data of a nation as Big Data for Analytics purpose. Census Data provides the demographics and details of the geographical, social and economic status of a country. This data are recorded once in a decade and is maintained by government. In India also we have a census data recording since 1872. We can imagine if we combine these data we will get a treasure of information which will be beneficial for the government, policy maker, planning commission to mend and implement beneficial policies and laws for citizens of the country. The paper explores the opportunities that will be created if we digitalized this historical data and use it for analytic purpose. It also discovers some suitable technologies that can be suited to develop such tool.

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KEYWORDS: Digital India, Census Data Analysis Tool, Big Data, Census data Analysis, Analytics.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Online examinations have gained significant prominence due to their flexibility and cost efficiency, especially during extraordinary situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, the absence of direct human supervision introduces serious challenges related to academic dishonesty. This paper focuses on detecting abnormal behaviors during online examinations to uphold academic integrity and analyzes the performance of various deep learning models, including DenseNet121, YOLOv5, and its advanced variant YOLOv8, for identifying typical cheating activities such as unusual head movements and the usage of electronic devices. A custom dataset comprising four categories of cheating behaviors was developed, along with an additional dataset obtained from Roboflow containing two classes: 'No Head Movement' and 'Head Movement. Evaluation metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and mean Average Precision (mAP) were utilized to comprehensively assess the performance of the proposed models. DenseNet121 achieved an accuracy of 85%, whereas YOLOv5 recorded over 97% in precision, recall, and mAP, demonstrating its effectiveness for real-time object detection. Furthermore, YOLOv8 exhibited superior performance, achieving an accuracy of 98.42%, precision of 97.95%, recall of 98.18%, F1-score of 98.06%, and mAP of 98.71%. These results indicate that YOLOv8 provides enhanced detection accuracy, improved localization capability, and robust real-time monitoring of candidate activities, making it highly suitable for intelligent online exam proctoring applications. The proposed framework provides a reliable, efficient, and scalable solution for automated online examination monitoring, significantly reducing the need for manual supervision while enhancing the fairness, security, and integrity of remote assessment environments

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Online Examinations Monitoring, Cheating Detection, Deep Learning, YOLOv8 Model

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Background: Biomedical waste management (BMWM) is an essential component of infection prevention and environmental safety in healthcare settings. Inadequate knowledge regarding biomedical waste handling among nursing students may increase the risk of healthcare-associated infections, occupational hazards, and environmental contamination. Structured educational interventions can improve students' understanding and promote safe waste management practices.

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 Keywords

Biomedical waste management, structured teaching programme, nursing students, knowledge, pre-experimental study.

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Agriculture continues to play an important role in the economic and social development of Karnataka despite the increasing dominance of industry and services in the state's economy. A large section of the rural population depends directly or indirectly on agriculture and allied activities for their livelihood. However, farm incomes remain vulnerable to fluctuations in crop prices, climatic conditions, rising input costs, fragmented landholdings, inadequate irrigation, market imperfections and post-harvest losses. Minimum Support Price (MSP) is one of the major agricultural price-policy instruments used by the Government of India to protect farmers against severe price declines and to encourage agricultural production. Its effectiveness, however, depends not only on the announced price but also on procurement, market access, storage, awareness and the ability of farmers to actually sell their produce at or above the MSP. Karnataka is an important producer of ragi, maize, tur, groundnut, sunflower, cotton, jowar and several horticultural crops. Several of these crops are covered under the MSP system. For the 2026-27 kharif marketing season, the Union Government fixed MSP at INR5,205 per quintal for ragi, INR2,410 for maize, INR8,450 for tur, INR7,517 for groundnut-in-shell, INR8,343 for sunflower seed and INR8,267 for medium-staple cotton. The Government states that MSPs for mandated crops are generally fixed to provide a return of at least 50 percent over the relevant cost of production measure. The article examines the relationship between MSP and farm income in Karnataka and argues that MSP can provide an important price floor but cannot, by itself, guarantee adequate farm income. Effective procurement, market infrastructure, crop diversification, irrigation, agricultural productivity, storage, processing, farmer organisations and access to institutional credit are necessary to convert announced MSP into realised farm income. The study also highlights the importance of combining price support with productivity-enhancing and income-diversification measures.

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MSP, Farm Income, Karnataka Agriculture, Agricultural Prices, Farmers, Procurement, Agricultural Markets, Rural Development, Crop Diversification

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Gender budgeting integrates gender considerations into the budgetary process to ensure that public expenditures benefit both men and women equitably. This paper explores the implementation of gender budgeting in Mizoram, focusing on its potential to promote gender equality through public finance policies. While Mizoram has made progress in women's literacy and political participation, gender disparities persist in areas such as healthcare, economic participation, and access to opportunities. This paper proposes a qualitative research study to evaluate the effectiveness of gender budgeting in reducing these disparities. The study will involve a review of existing literature, analysis of budget documents, and case studies from other Indian states with successful gender budgeting practices. The expected outcomes include an assessment of the current state of gender budgeting in Mizoram, identification of challenges, and recommendations for improving gender budgeting practices to foster gender equality. The findings will contribute to the state's ongoing efforts to ensure that public policies and financial resources support women's empowerment and promote sustainable development.

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Gender Budgeting, Mizoram, Public Finance, Gender Equality.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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A solar powered energy storage architecture for electric vehicle (EV) charging that integrates photovoltaic (PV) generation, battery energy storage system (BESS), and plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging at a single point of common coupling (PCC) to the distribution grid is developed and evaluated. A detailed PV-BESS-PEV integration model for Indian urban networks is proposed that incorporate time-varying solar irradiances, PSPCL tariff models, BESS state-of-charge (SOC) models, and EV arrival patterns for an urban commercial site near Gill Pind, Ludhiana. The model is integrated in a multi-objective optimization problem to minimize life cycle cost, electrical losses and CO? emissions by optimally sizing PV capacity, the BESS energy rating, the BESS power rating, the grid interface limits, and a combination of AC and DC chargers. The scenario studies, with a representative case of 15,000 EVs/day charging demand, show that a properly designed PV-BESS-PEV system can provide a large portion of EV energy demand from local PV resources, minimise technical losses and coal consumption at the system level and reduce evening peak demand on the PSPCL network, while maintaining charging reliability, and are also realistic for the large scale deployment in the Ludhiana corridor.

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Electric vehicles, photovoltaic systems, battery energy storage system, EV charging station, optimization, distribution networks.

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Article is regarding important of 50 millesimal scale in various chronic and acute cases .

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Importance of 50 millesimal scale in clinical practice

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Arunachal Pradesh, situated in India's northeastern frontier, is home to a range of indigenous tribes whose cultural practices remain deeply rooted in oral tradition. Beyond transmitting communal history and values, these oral narratives have long functioned as mechanisms of resistance, conflict resolution, and peacebuilding within tribal societies, a role oral tradition has played in societies around the world wherever communities sought to express dissent against dominant powers. Where written records were inaccessible or actively suppressed, marginalised groups have often turned to oral narrative to preserve cultural heritage and carry collective memory forward as a resilient form of resistance. Among the tribes of Arunachal Pradesh, myths, legends, folk tales, songs, and customary laws passed down across generations continue to serve several purposes at once: preserving cultural heritage, transmitting communal history, and, importantly, offering mechanisms for resistance, dispute resolution, and the maintenance of peace. This paper examines oral tradition as a dynamic and adaptive practice among the Idu Mishmi of Arunachal Pradesh, focusing in particular on Abbelah, a traditional mechanism for addressing disputes through mediation and negotiation. It considers how oral traditions sustain cultural norms, articulate collective rights, transmit customary knowledge, and structure processes of mediation and reconciliation, arguing that by reinforcing community-based practice and shared social norms, such traditions have historically underpinned social cohesion and conflict resolution through customary law and community consensus. At the same time, the paper traces the changing dynamics of Abbelah in contemporary Idu society, considering how shifting social values and attitudes, greater exposure to external institutions, and the growing reach of modern legal mechanisms have reshaped traditional approaches to conflict resolution.

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 Keywords

Oral Narratives, Abbelah, Indigenous conflict resolution, customary practices, cultural heritage

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Poultry farming in Manipur has shifted from a supplementary activity to a vital contributor to rural income, food security, and livelihoods. This study analyses five farms' resource efficiency, employment generation, market vulnerabilities, and cost-profit dynamics. It shows that while the farms' investment levels vary, they all rely on outside inputs. Despite scientific approaches, inefficiencies, high chick mortality, and disease risks are caused by a lack of institutional support and training. Due to seasonal demand and fluctuating pricing, market access is still limited to the local area. A significant gap is highlighted by the lack of policy support. Establishing a strong, sustainable sector requires focused investments in infrastructure, feed production, and training.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Poultry farming in Manipur has shifted from a supplementary activity to a vital contributor to rural income, food security, and livelihoods. This study analyses five farms' resource efficiency, employment generation, market vulnerabilities, and cost-profit dynamics. It shows that while the farms' investment levels vary, they all rely on outside inputs. Despite scientific approaches, inefficiencies, high chick mortality, and disease risks are caused by a lack of institutional suppor

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition