Volume 12 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

Inadequacies in access to formal finance has led to the growth of microfinance in India. In India microfinance operates through two main channels viz. a) banking system through the SHGs under SHG-Bank Linkage Programme (SHG-BLP) and JLG bank lending programme and b) through Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) lending through individual and group approach. SHG Bank linkage programme through microfinance in India is the world's largest microfinance programme in terms of its reach and scale of finance. Started as a pilot project in the year 1992 with the initiation of NABARD, now it has spread all over India covering 31 states and union territories and 641 districts by 31st March 2023. The objective of the research paper is to examine the progress of SHGBLP in terms of number of SHGs with savings and amount of savings, no. of SHGs availed loans (credit linked) and amount of loan disbursed and no. of SHGs with loan outstanding and amount of loan during 2013-14 to 2022-23. It also aims to explore the region wise progress of SHGBLP in terms of the amount of loan disbursed to SHG during the past ten years. It is found that SBLP has witnessed a significant progress during this time and brought considerable changes in the socio economic conditions of SHG members. It also found that the progress of SHG bank linkage programme is uneven across the regions in India.

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 Keywords

Microfinance, SHGBLP, NABARD, Bank Linkage, India

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In India, where even through nearly 68.84 per cent of population residing at rural areas. According to 2011 census agriculture is main occupation for largest livelihoods in India 70 per cent of its rural households still depend upon it for their livelihood, with 82 per cent of farmers being small and marginal. The world bank using the $2.15(2023) per day bench mark(PPP) estimates an 11.9 per cent poverty rate for India. In this regard micro finance plays vital role to providing financial assistance to the poor and low level income households in India in addition that fulfillment of government target financial inclusive growth strategy and sustainable development of the people. Such as banking, Insurance , other financial services etc.,The significant role has played by microfinance in the developing countries like India cannot wear away, where largest size of population is living under low literacy and poverty. They don't have any access to formal banking facilities. Where micro finance plays a key role to improving living conditions of the households in india.(Sen2018)Micro finance is regarded as a useful tool for socio-economic upliftment in a developing country like India. In india micro finance is dominant by self Help Groups (SHG) bank linkage programme aimed at providing a cost effective mechanism for providing financial services to the rural households away from inclusive. The present paper aims at identifying present working status of micro finance in India.

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Micro-Finance, SHGs, MFIs, Status of development

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The history of mutual funds in Indian began in 1963 when the Government of India launched Unit Trust of India. Since then the mutual fund industry has had an inevitable journey and thousands of investors today invest in mutual fund schemes, making it a terrible investment segment. Mutual fund industry has experienced a radical expansion within the past two decades. The performance analysis of mutual funds is commonly used topic in the various investment areas among different countries. This happens due to accessibility of information. They provide various profits to the investors. Mutual fund provides various updates of the market and they also provide various suggestions to the investors about making investment in the different schemes. The mutual fund industry, Assets under Management doubled in the past five years as it grew from Rs.22.26 lakh crore in 2019-20 to Rs. 54.1 lakh crore in 2023-24. Therefore, in recent years, the mutual fund industry has diversified its product offerings to cater to a wide range of investor preferences, including equity funds, debt funds, hybrid funds, and thematic funds. As the growth of mutual funds in India continues, the mutual fund industry is expected to play a vital role in channeling savings into productive investments, contributing to the overall expansion of the financial markets.

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Mutual Funds, Investment, Industry, UTI, Assets, hybrid funds and debt funds

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This research article provides a comprehensive analysis of the financial performance of the Indian banking sector, with a specific focus on a comparative study between public and private sector banks. Using a mix of key financial ratios, including Return on Assets (ROA), Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), and Gross Non-Performing Assets (GNPA), the study evaluates the profitability, asset quality, and solvency of select banks over a five-year period (e.g., 2021-2025). The findings indicate that while private sector banks have consistently outperformed public sector banks in terms of profitability and asset quality, public sector banks maintain their dominance in terms of market size and total deposits. The study concludes that ongoing digital transformation and stricter regulatory measures have significantly improved the overall financial health of the sector, but challenges persist, particularly in managing asset quality and operational efficiency.

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Return on Assets (ROA), Gross Non-Performing Assets (GNPA), Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), public sector banks, asset quality, private sector banks, policymakers, investors, and regulators.

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Aviation is a word which includes many activities primarily operation of aircrafts whether domestic or international focusing air travel. The author states that the word 'aviation' for the research purposes of this paper, is purely focused on civil aviation but not the military or State-run aircrafts . Aviation has become a significant catalyst for international trade, employment, study, business, academic pursuits, and many more generating a USD 53.6 billion contribution to India's economy, underpinning 7.7 million jobs with 1.5% GDP, in the country. Hence, travel accounted for 6.5% in the nation's GDP and 8.9% of total employment in 2023 and now ranks as the third largest air transport market in the world carrying 174 million passengers (approx.). Even though there is economic growth due to the development of aviation sector in India, still it lacks a forum for speedy dispute disposal system. As the disputes arise out of airport infrastructure, land acquisition, concession agreements, tariffs, environment, charges, construction, airline passenger, regulatory compliance, jurisdictional overlaps, airports and airlines relating to slot allocation etc. competition, workforce, international agreements, bankruptcy and insolvency etc., and as these disputes involve technicality and technology, it is pertinent to note that the forums in India are not able to cater speedy remedy for the aggrieved. Hence, this research paper focuses the significance of aviation sector; classification of aviation disputes; dispute settlement methods in other countries, and the present position of resolving aviation disputes in India by suggesting a "Techno-Legal Aviation Tribunal" at State/Regional level and National level for a speedy relief instead going to the courts. The author also suggests that DGCA should be an independent body in regulating the aviation sector in India.

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TECHNO-LEGAL AVIATION TRIBUNALS IN INDIA: NEED OF THE HOUR

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Abstract This study investigated the effects of a four-week integrated program combining yogic practices and Sujok therapy on the holistic development of school students aged 14-17 years. A total of 50 medically fit participants were selected through random sampling and were equally assigned to an experimental group, which received the intervention, and a control group, which did not. The intervention's impact was assessed across three domains: physical fitness, mental ability, and academic performance. Data were collected using standardized tools and analyzed using a paired t-test. The findings revealed statistically significant improvements in all three domains among the experimental group compared to the control group, thereby supporting the alternative hypothesis.

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Key words: Yoga, Sujok, Physical Fitness, Mental Ability, Academic Performance.

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Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. popularly known as Yarsagumba among Nepali communities, is a parasitic fungus of remarkable medicinal and economic value. This review highlights its phytochemical profile and ethnobotanical relevance within the Himalayan belt. The fungus contains key bioactive compounds such as cordycepin, adenosine, polysaccharides, and sterols, which are responsible for its broad spectrum of pharmacological effects--including immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. Traditionally, C. sinensis has been used in regions like Darjeeling, Sikkim, Nepal, and surrounding Himalayan areas to treat respiratory ailments, physical weakness, and as a natural aphrodisiac. Beyond its medicinal use, it significantly contributes to the livelihoods of high-altitude Nepali communities, serving as a vital source of income. Nevertheless, issues like overharvesting and ecological stress threaten its long-term availability. This review emphasizes the need for a balanced approach that combines traditional knowledge with modern scientific research to promote the sustainable use of C. sinensis.

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Cordyceps sinensis, Ethnobotanical relevance, Phytochemical profile, Medicinal and economic value, Sustainable use

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Rhizopus species, are widely recognized not only for their role in food spoilage and postharvest decay but also for their potential in toxin production with significant health implications. This review provides a comprehensive account of Rhizopus morphology and growth characteristics, highlighting their rapid colonization abilities and adaptive responses to various environmental conditions. Special emphasis is placed on the molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying toxin synthesis, including detailed insights into the biosynthetic pathways involved. Characterization techniques for these toxins, including chromatographic and spectroscopic methods, are discussed, providing a framework for their identification and quantification. Furthermore, the review explores the pathogenic potential of Rhizopus species, focusing on their role in opportunistic infections such as mucormycosis, and evaluates the toxicological impacts of their metabolites on human and animal health. Collectively, this synthesis of morphological, biochemical, and pathological data underscores the dual nature of Rhizopus as both a saprophytic decomposer and a medically significant genus, warranting continued research into its biological behavior and public health risks

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Rhizopus, Fungal morphology, Toxin biosynthesis, Secondary metabolites, Fungal pathogenicity, Mycotoxins

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Sericulture is one of the important sectors for rural population to generate income. There is tremendous scope for improving the production and quality of silk through expansion of sericulture in new areas. The geospatial tools comprising of Remote Sensing (RS), Geographical Information System (GIS) and web technology have the potential of integrating, analyzing and disseminating the satellite derived and other required information for further expansion of sericulture in the country. During the last decade, remote sensing techniques are applied to explore silkworm host plants cultivation practices such as crop acreage estimation, site suitability for mulberry cultivation and identification of pest infestation. Hyperspectral radiometry has been useful for detection of damage caused by sucking pest of mulberry. Spectral reflectance of red band and green bands are more sensitive to pink mealy bug, spiraling whitefly and thrips respectively. A geoportal titled 'Sericulture Information Linkages and Knowledge System' (SILKS) was open source GIS software system to provide spatial information on potential areas for silkworm host plant cultivation which was hosted in the public domain, http://silks.csb.gov.in. Hence, this review helps to know about remote sensing techniques and GIS in detecting mulberry pests and diseases, and also would be useful to strengthen the sericultural activities in our country.

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 Keywords

Mulberry pests, SILKS, Hyperspectral radiometry.

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The application of machine learning (ML) into decision support systems (DSS) has produced high levels of accuracy, efficiency and adaptivity in several sectors. This review charts the evolution of ML in DSS, illustrating important milestones, applicable techniques, and the challenges encountered for these systems as they matured. This paper explores the most popular models related to ML used in DSS including decision trees, SVMs, NNs and ensemble methods and their relative advantages and disadvantages for their application in practical settings. Discussed are basic questions such as model interpretability, data quality, scalability, and real-time processing, as well as the related development of solutions that are rooted in explainable AI (XAI), data preprocessing, as well as deployment of edge and cloud computing technologies. This analysis sheds light on main achievements and the existing challenges in real world application of ML in DSS and highlights important research questions in order to further develop the practical and responsible application of such systems.

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Machine Learning, Decision Support Systems, Explainable AI, Data Preprocessing, Real-Time Processing, Scalability, Model Interpretability, Cloud Computing, Edge Computing, Predictive Analytics.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition