Volume 14 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

Marma science represents one of the most unique anatomical and clinical concepts in Ayurveda. Marma points are vital anatomical locations where structures such as muscles (Mamsa), vessels (Sira), ligaments (Snayu), bones (Asthi), and joints (Sandhi) intersect. These sites are considered physiologically important and clinically vulnerable due to the concentration of vital anatomical components. Among the 107 Marma points described in classical Ayurvedic texts, Parshwasandhi Marma occupies a significant position because of its anatomical location in the thoracolumbar region, which is critical for musculoskeletal stability and trunk biomechanics. Musculoskeletal disorders, particularly low back pain, constitute one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. The region corresponding to Parshwasandhi Marma includes important musculoskeletal and neurovascular structures such as the psoas major, quadratus lumborum, thoracolumbar fascia, lumbar vertebrae, and lumbar plexus. Dysfunction in these structures can contribute to chronic low back pain, spinal instability, and impaired movement. The present review aims to explore the anatomical and functional significance of Parshwasandhi Marma with special reference to its role in musculoskeletal health. Classical descriptions from Ayurvedic texts were analyzed and correlated with modern anatomical knowledge to identify the probable structural components associated with this Marma. Understanding the anatomical correlation of Parshwasandhi Marma may provide a scientific basis for the therapeutic application of Marma Chikitsa and other manual therapies in musculoskeletal disorders.

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 Keywords

Marma, Parshwasandhi Marma, Musculoskeletal health, Psoas major, Thoracolumbar junction, Ayurveda anatomy

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This study assessed the regional performance for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Central Luzon, Philippines, using a convergent mixed-methods research design. Quantitative data were obtained from the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) SDG Watch database using the Core Regional SDG Indicators (CoRe-SDGIs) to evaluate and classify SDG performance across selected social goals. A survey was also administered to Provincial, City, and Municipal Planning and Development Officers to measure the extent of mainstreaming of the SDGs into local development plans and strategies. Qualitative and perception-based data from open-ended survey responses were analyzed thematically, while institutional insights from the Department of Economy, Planning, and Development (DEPDev) Regional Office III and the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) Regional Office III and PSA Tarlac Provincial Office were used to contextualize findings and support triangulation. Results indicate uneven SDG performance across the region. SDG 1 (No Poverty) and SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions) show improving performance, while SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being), SDG 4 (Quality Education), and SDG 5 (Gender Equality) remain lagging. Although the extent of SDG mainstreaming into local development plans and strategies is generally moderate to high, integration is largely procedural and compliance oriented. SDG implementation is primarily operationalized through existing sectoral programs, with limited evidence of cross-cutting or transformative interventions. The study identified opportunities related to fiscal support, institutional capacity, political commitment, and partnerships, alongside challenges involving resource constraints, data limitations, and coordination gaps. The findings suggest that SDG localization in Central Luzon remains at a transitional stage, highlighting the need for adaptive, integrated, and transformational governance approaches to achieve sustainable development outcomes.

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 Keywords

Sustainable Development Goals, Regional Performance, SDG Mainstreaming, SDG Localization, Public Administration

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Inclusive education is a global priority aimed at ensuring equitable learning for all students, including those with disabilities. Special education teachers are central to implementing inclusive practices, yet their attitudes toward inclusion remain underexplored. This conceptual study synthesizes existing literature to examine the factors influencing special educators' perspectives on inclusion. Drawing from theoretical frameworks and empirical findings, it identifies key variables such as professional preparation, institutional support, personal beliefs, and classroom experience. These elements are analyzed to understand how they shape teachers' readiness to adopt inclusive approaches. The study emphasizes the critical role of teacher attitudes in the success of inclusive education and highlights implications for teacher education, policy development, and future research. By centering the experiences of special educators, this work contributes to a deeper understanding of the human dimensions of inclusion and advocates for more responsive, evidence-based strategies to support effective and sustainable inclusive education practices.

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 Keywords

Inclusive education, teacher attitudes, special education, conceptual framework, educational policy, professional development

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This study evaluated the quality of human resource (HR) service delivery in selected cities of Central Luzon by examining client satisfaction across six dimensions: reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, communication, and efficiency. Using a quantitative correlational design, data were gathered from 380 respondents through a structured survey questionnaire to determine both satisfaction levels and the influence of demographic factors. The results revealed a generally high level of satisfaction, with responsiveness and communication identified as the strongest aspects of service, reflecting positive interpersonal engagement between HR personnel and clients. However, reliability emerged as an area needing improvement, particularly in ensuring accuracy and consistency in service processes. The analysis further showed that educational attainment and occupation significantly influence satisfaction, indicating that expectations tend to increase with professional and educational advancement. These findings suggest that while strong communication practices build trust and satisfaction, achieving higher levels of HR service excellence requires strengthening administrative precision through standardized procedures and system-based quality controls. Overall, the study contributes to a more integrated understanding of HR service delivery by highlighting the need to balance human-centered approaches with efficient and reliable organizational systems.

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client satisfaction, human resource, service quality, service delivery, HR services

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The evolution of mobile communication networks from 5G to 6G is driven by the growing demand for faster, more reliable, and ubiquitous connectivity. While 5G supports applications such as enhanced mobile broadband, massive machine-type communication, and ultra-reliable low-latency communication, it is not sufficient to meet the advanced requirements of future services .To address these limitations, the Space-Air-Ground Integrated Network (SAGIN) has emerged as a promising architecture that integrates satellite, aerial, and terrestrial networks to provide seamless and wide-area coverage. SAGIN enables unified control, efficient resource management, and improved connectivity across diverse environments .However, several challenges remain, including high latency, limited flexibility, spectrum scarcity, energy consumption, and issues related to mmWave communication. This paper highlights the key features, challenges, and potential technologies for 6G and SAGIN, aiming to support the development of next-generation wireless communication systems.

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Sixth Generation (6G) Networks, Space-Air-Ground Integrated Network (SAGIN), Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN), Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive Machine-Type Communication (mMTC), Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Digital Twins (DT), mmWave Communication.

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Rapid urbanization and increasing demand for food production have made the need for sustainable agriculture practices unavoidable. The concept of vertical farming stands out from among various sustainable agriculture practices, especially if coupled with IoT technology for Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA), which enables resource optimization and optimal plant growth in indoor settings. Concerning the aims of the research paper, it can be stated that the major purpose of this paper will be to develop a vertical farming model through IoT technology using ESP32 microcontroller and the Blynk application. It will be possible to utilize the developed vertical farming system for monitoring the environment with regard to soil moisture, temperature, and moisture levels. Additionally, during the process of monitoring, it will be possible to monitor the pH and conductivity levels of the soil. Furthermore, it will be possible to utilize the pump and grow lights.

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 Keywords

Vertical Farming, IoT agriculture, ESP32, Blynk cloud, automated irrigation.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Working capital management plays a vital role in ensuring the smooth functioning and financial stability of a business. It involves the efficient management of short-term assets and liabilities such as cash, inventory, receivables, and payables. Effective working capital management helps firms maintain liquidity, improve profitability, and enhance overall performance. This study focuses on a comparative analysis of working capital management practices in manufacturing and service firms in India. The research highlights that manufacturing firms generally require higher working capital due to inventory holding, longer production cycles, and delayed cash inflows. In contrast, service firms operate with lower working capital requirements as they do not maintain inventory and have shorter operating cycles, leading to quicker cash realization. The study is based on secondary data collected from financial statements of selected companies. Tools such as ratio analysis and cash conversion cycle have been used to evaluate efficiency and liquidity. The findings indicate that service firms are more efficient in managing liquidity, while manufacturing firms require better control over inventory and receivables.

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(Keywords: Working Capital Management, Liquidity, Profitability, Manufacturing Firms Service Firms, Current Ratio, Quick Ratio, Inventory Management)

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Background: Postural stability depends on the integrity of sensory input and musculoskeletal alignment, with the foot serving as the primary base of support during standing and movement. Flat foot (pes planus) alters plantar pressure distribution and lower-limb biomechanics, potentially influencing balance control. However, evidence regarding its effect on both static and dynamic balance in healthy young adults remains limited. Objective: To assess the impact of flat foot on static and dynamic postural stability in healthy young adults using an instrumented balance platform. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 45 healthy adults aged 18-25 years. Foot posture was assessed using footprint analysis and the Plantar Arch Index. Static and dynamic balance parameters were evaluated using the HUR Balance Master system. Static balance was assessed under eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions on stable and unstable surfaces, while dynamic balance was measured using the Limits of Stability (LOS) test. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24.0. Paired t-tests were used for within-condition comparisons, and Pearson's correlation coefficient was applied to examine the relationship between plantar arch index and balance parameters. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Participants demonstrated increased postural sway, trace length, and sway velocity under sensory-challenged conditions, particularly during eyes-closed and unstable-surface testing, indicating reduced static balance. Dynamic balance assessment revealed reduced limits of stability, especially in forward and lateral directions. A moderate positive correlation was observed between plantar arch index and sway velocity (r = 0.42), while a negative correlation was found between plantar arch index and forward LOS (r = -0.36), suggesting that lower arch height is associated with poorer balance performance. Conclusion: Healthy young adults with flat foot exhibit impaired static and dynamic postural stability despite the absence of overt pathology. Early identification of altered foot posture may be important for preventing future balance-related dysfunctions and lower-limb injuries.

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Keywords: Flat foot, postural stability, static balance, dynamic balance, plantar arch index, balance platform

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Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that necessitates continuous monitoring of blood glucose levels for effective management and early diagnosis. This project presents an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based Diabetes Detection System integrated with advanced sensor technology to enable real-time glucose monitoring and intelligent health analysis. The system employs glucose sensing electrodes to measure sugar concentration levels in the body. The analog signals generated by the sensor are converted into digital form using an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) for accurate processing. An Arduino UNO microcontroller processes the digitized data and displays the glucose readings on an LCD screen through an I2C communication module. Additionally, a buzzer alert mechanism is incorporated to notify the user when glucose levels exceed predefined threshold limits. The system is powered by a rechargeable Li-ion battery integrated with a Battery Management System (BMS) to ensure stable, safe, and efficient power regulation. To improve diagnostic accuracy and predictive capability, AI algorithms are implemented to analyze glucose trends, identify abnormal patterns, and predict potential diabetic risks. This intelligent and automated approach enhances early detection, supports preventive healthcare strategies, and enables continuous monitoring. The proposed system is portable, cost-effective, and suitable for real-time health monitoring applications, making it a promising solution for early diabetes detection and smart healthcare systems.

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Arduino Uno,sugar level sensor, Battery management system, lithium ion battery

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Purpose: This conceptual paper examines how tokenized governance architectures and NFT-mediate identity systems shape the dynamics of trust formation and collaborative value creation within Web3 brand communities. Research Design: Drawing on Signaling Theory and the integrative model od trust, the paper systemizes extant literature to develop a five-hypothesis conceptual framework. The framework positions perceived transparency as the central mediating mechanism linking governance inputs to community participation outputs. Findings: The framework identifies five theoretically grounded propositions: tokenized governance and NFT signaling each enhance perceived transparency (H1, H2); perceived transparency builds community trust (H3); trust amplifies collaborative participation (H4); and tokenized governance exercises a direct credibility effect on trust, bypassing the transparency pathway (H5). Contribution: The study advances Web3 marketing scholarship by reconceptualizing brand communities as decentralized governance institutions rather than mere engagement platforms, and by foregrounding blockchain infrastructure as a structural substitute for centralized trust intermediaries.

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 Keywords

Web3 Brand Communities, Tokenized Governance, NFT Identity Signalling, Community Trust, Collaborative Value Creation, Blockchain Marketing

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