Volume 14 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB) remains one of the foremost public health challenges globally, affecting approximately 296 million individuals and contributing to over 820,000 deaths annually from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. While nucleos(t)ide analogues and pegylated interferon constitute the current standard of care, their limitations including the inability to eradicate covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), lifelong dependency, drug resistance emergence, and high treatment costs necessitate the exploration of complementary therapeutic agents. Shyonaka (Oroxylum indicum Vent., Bignoniaceae), a revered plant in Ayurvedic medicine and a constituent of the classical Dashamula formulation, offers a scientifically compelling phytochemical profile for addressing the multidimensional pathophysiology of CHB. This review systematically evaluates the botanical identity, Ayurvedic classical categorization, phytochemistry, and pharmacological evidence pertaining to its key bioactive constituents including baicalein, baicalin, chrysin, oroxylin A, ellagic acid, and scutellarein. Evidence demonstrates that baicalein inhibits HBV through the CCDC88A-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway and autophagy induction; baicalin suppresses viral transcription via the HNF4-alpha/HNF1-alpha axis; and chrysin reduces HBsAg secretion by up to 45% and HBeAg by up to 58% in vitro via HMGB1 targeting, with binding affinity superior to lamivudine. The plant additionally exhibits hepatoprotective, antifibrotic, immunomodulatory, and NF-kB suppressive activities relevant to CHB pathology. An integrative framework aligning Ayurvedic concepts of Yakrit Vikara and Kamala with modern hepatological paradigms is presented. Safety profile, bioavailability considerations, and the current research gap are critically discussed. This review establishes Oroxylum indicum as a rational candidate for adjunctive or integrated therapeutic development in CHB management, warranting rigorous clinical evaluation.

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 Keywords

Shyonaka, Oroxylum indicum, Chronic Hepatitis B, Baicalein, Chrysin, Oroxylin A, HBV, Dashamula, Hepatoprotective, Ayurveda, cccDNA, NF-kB, Integrative medicine, Antiviral flavonoids, Kamala

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Agriculture is one of the most important sectors for economic growth and food security. However, farmers face many challenges such as unpredictable weather conditions, water scarcity, soil nutrient imbalance, pest attacks, crop diseases, and inefficient use of resources. Traditional farming methods often depend on manual observation and past experience, which may not always provide accurate or timely decisions. As a result, crop productivity can decrease and operational costs may increase. To overcome these issues, this paper presents an AI Based Agriculture Monitoring System that combines Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), environmental sensors, cloud computing, and machine learning techniques for smart farming applications. The proposed system continuously monitors important agricultural parameters such as soil moisture, temperature, humidity, soil pH, and crop leaf condition. Sensors collect real-time data, which is processed using a microcontroller and transmitted to a cloud platform for remote access. Machine learning algorithms are used to analyze the collected data and generate intelligent recommendations. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is used for plant disease detection, while Random Forest and Regression models are used for irrigation planning and crop yield estimation. The system can automatically alert farmers regarding water requirements, disease symptoms, and abnormal environmental conditions. The proposed model aims to improve farming efficiency, reduce water wastage, minimize manual effort, and increase crop productivity. It is low-cost, scalable, and suitable for both small and medium farms. This project demonstrates how interdisciplinary technologies can contribute toward sustainable and modern agriculture.

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 Keywords

Collision Detection * Safety System * Sensors * IoT * Accident Prevention * Arduino / Embedded System * Vehicle Safety

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 Abstract

Education is not only the main pillar of nation-building, but through education, a nation moves towards progress. By the united force of men and women, especially women, a country leads its way to the path of success. Women's empowerment is a necessity for this success. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru once said: "If you educate a man you educate an individual, however, if you educate a woman you educate a whole family. Women empowered means mother India empowered". Education has been identified as a crucial factor in women's empowerment, enabling them to participate fully in social, economic, and political spheres. Education helps women become aware of their rights, dignity, and opportunities. However, women still face significant barriers to accessing education, particularly in developing countries. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature on women's access to education and importance of education in women empowerment. It examines the various factors that affect women's access to education, including cultural norms, poverty, discrimination, and lack of resources. The paper also highlights the challenges that remain in ensuring women's access to education, status of women education, need for women empowerment and the policies, provisions and programs that can help overcome these challenges.

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 Keywords

Women, Empowerment, Education, Gender Equality, Socio-Economic.

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This project presents a wearable IoT-based health monitoring system capable of measuring physiological parameters including heart rate, SpO?, body temperature, skeletal muscle activity, and ECG signals. The system uses ESP32 as the core controller, integrating MAX30102, MLX90614, MyoWare EMG, and AD8232 sensors. Data is transmitted to the Arduino IoT Cloud, where real-time dashboards display the readings and generate alerts when threshold values exceed normal ranges. An SOS push button enables emergency notifications. The system is compact, battery-powered, and suitable for remote monitoring applications.

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SpO?, ECG, EMG

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The purpose of the study is to determine the anthropometric traits, body composition, and physical fitness measurements of cricket players at the state and national levels. The tabulated "t" value is 1.686, and the significance level was set at 0.05. Standing height (2.03>1.66), weight (2.04>1.66), leg length (2.08>1.66), arm length (2.06>166), calf girths (2.024>1.66), upper arm girths (2.045>1.66), and thigh girths (2.08>1.66) are all significantly different. A study including 40 participants--20 state-level and 20 national-level cricket players--found that all 7 variables differed significantly. State-level cricket players lack the physical conditioning and anthropometric traits of national-level players. Therefore, anthropometric traits also improve cricket performance.

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Anthropometrics characteristics, cricketer players

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Plant - based ingredient and their effectiveness: core components and industry important people want things that are natural. this is a shift in what people want and how businesses make things choosing the right ingredients in very important when making sprays to keep mosquitoes away. Essential oils from plants like citronella, eucalyptus, and pyrethrum are good at keeping mosquitoes away. Mosquitoes get confused by these oils. They can't find anyone. Ethanol is used a lot to make sprays, which is why they are good at keeping mosquitoes away. It goes well with oils. It makes the spray works better and last longer. Ethanol is good because it goes away quickly. This leaves a layer of the active ingredients on the skin. The rise of organic room fresheners more and more people are using air fresheners. They like the parts. They want to clean and freshen the air. Growth in the market The market for things that make rooms smell good is growing quickly. It will grow by 15% between 2026 and 2033 people want things that are good for them and the planet. Why people like organic people pick things because they are safer. They are better for the earth. They like that can clean and freshen their air.

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mosquito, organic, and mosquito repellent

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 Abstract

A Comparative Study of the Achievement in Mathematics of Class 6 Students Using Pen-Paper and Abacus

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A Comparative Study of the Achievement in Mathematics of Class 6 Students Using Pen-Paper and Abacus

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This study examines the socio-demographic profile and the role of education in enhancing social empowerment among persons with disabilities. It analyzes variables such as type of disability, gender, age, and educational status. The findings indicate that higher education levels are associated with improved social acceptance, participation, and reduced discrimination. However, education has limited influence on deeper aspects such as belongingness and perceived equality. The study highlights the importance of inclusive policies and education in promoting social empowerment.

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Socio Demographic profile

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 Abstract

Arundhati Roy's political nonfiction--spanning Walking with the Comrades (2011), Broken Republic (2011), Capitalism: A Ghost Story (2014), and Azadi (2020)--constitutes one of the most contested and intellectually serious bodies of political writing produced in postcolonial South Asia. This paper argues that Roy practises literary witnessing: an ethically committed form of reportage that amplifies subaltern voices without absorbing them into an authorial monologue. Reading her essays against postcolonial theory (Fanon, Spivak), critical sociology (Gramsci, Agamben), subaltern historiography (Guha), and allied scholarship (Scott, Baviskar, Nilsen, Nussbaum), the analysis examines how Roy exposes development as internal colonialism, how Operation Green Hunt and Salwa Judum constitute a state of exception, and how mainstream media manufactures consent for militarised governance. The paper attends equally to the gendered dimensions of the conflict and to the ethical tensions latent in Roy's own position as a writer-witness, arguing throughout that her hybrid genre--between reportage, memoir, and political essay--is not incidental to her argument but constitutive of it.

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 Keywords

Arundhati Roy; internal colonialism; Maoist insurgency; literary witnessing; state of exception; Adivasi; counter-hegemony; postcolonial nonfiction

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This research article examines the intersection of race, gender, and class in selected novels of Zadie Smith and Jesmyn Ward, focusing on how these intertwined identities shape individual and collective experiences in multicultural and socio-politically complex contexts. Drawing on theories of intersectionality, Black feminism, and postcolonialism, the study analyses White Teeth and On Beauty by Zadie Smith alongside Sing, Unburied, Sing by Jesmyn Ward. These texts reveal how marginalized identities are not experienced in isolation but are deeply interconnected, producing layered forms of oppression and resistance.The article argues that Smith and Ward portray characters who navigate hybrid identities within societies structured by racial hierarchies, economic inequalities, and gendered expectations. In White Teeth, Smith explores the cultural anxieties and generational conflicts of immigrant communities in Britain, while On Beauty highlights class divisions and racial tensions within academic and domestic spaces. Similarly, Ward's Sing, Unburied, Sing foregrounds the lived realities of African American communities in the American South, where systemic racism, poverty, and familial trauma intersect. Through a comparative analysis, the study demonstrates how both authors challenge dominant narratives by giving voice to marginalized subjects and exposing the structural forces that shape their lives. The findings suggest that intersectionality is crucial to understanding the complexity of identity formation in contemporary literature. Ultimately, this research contributes to ongoing discussions in multicultural and postcolonial studies by emphasizing the need to read race, gender, and class as mutually constitutive rather than separate categories.

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 Keywords

Intersectionality,Trauma,Systemic racism, Oppression

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