Volume 14 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a herbal face serum using natural ingredients such as Aloe vera, Green tea extract, and Sodium alginate. Herbal cosmetics are widely preferred due to their safety, effectiveness, and minimal side effects compared to synthetic products. The formulated serum was designed to provide moisturizing, antioxidant, soothing, and skin-protective effects. The herbal extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening to identify the presence of important bioactive constituents. The tests confirmed the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which are known for their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The prepared serum was evaluated for various physicochemical parameters including pH, viscosity, consistency, spreadability, homogeneity, odour, washability, stability, and skin irritation test. The evaluation results showed that the serum possessed suitable pH, smooth consistency, good spreadability, uniform appearance, pleasant odour, easy washability, and excellent stability. No signs of redness, itching, or irritation were observed during the skin irritation test, indicating that the formulation is safe for topical application. The study concludes that the prepared herbal face serum is stable, effective, and suitable for cosmetic use, with potential benefits for skin hydration and protection against environmental damage.

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 Keywords

Aloe vera, Green Tea Extract, Sodium Alginate, Antioxidant Activity, Anti Pollution Face Serum

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The present research study was aimed to explore the educational inequalities faced by Tamang tribal students due to the digital gap, which extends to create learning exclusion. This study adopted qualitative phenomenological research design and conducted in a rural Tamang community in the Darjeeling district. The purposive sampling technique was employed to select 20 secondary school-going students from two blocks, in which 10 students were selected from the Rangli Rangliot block and 10 students were selected from the Jorebunglow-Sukhiapokhri block. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. After collection of qualitative data, the investigator adopted thematic analysis to analyze the data through MAXQDA software. This study revealed that most of the rural tribal students had faced significant challenges in digital learning; they were not aware of online learning and they did not have any digital gadgets to participate in online courses such as NCERT school courses through the SWAYAM platform. On the other hand, some Tamang tribal students who had digital gadgets described their experiences that digital devices are helpful for learning various topics easily, and they positively participate various online courses to upgrade their knowledge. Additionally, students have high performance in their academics due to digital learning. Moreover, this study showed that inadequate digital access and poor digital infrastructure had been creating learning inequalities among rural tribal students.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Digital gap, Digital exclusion, online learning, Educational disparity Tamang community

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This paper introduces the Modified First Zagreb Index (M1*(G)) for fuzzy graphs, defined as the sum of the products of vertex degrees and their corresponding membership values for all adjacent vertex pairs. While traditional Zagreb indices have been extensively studied, this modified version provides a nuanced approach to capturing structural properties in fuzzy environments. We establish rigorous upper bounds for M1*(G) across four types of generalized fuzzy transformation graphs (G++, G+-, G-+, and G--) in terms of the fundamental elements of the base graph G. Numerical examples and graphical representations are provided to illustrate the theoretical results and distinguish this index from existing ones.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Modified First Zagreb Index, Fuzzy Graph Theory, Generalized Fuzzy Transformation Graphs, Topological Indices, and Upper Bounds.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This project presents the design and implementation of an AI-driven Online Proctoring System aimed at enhancing fairness, transparency, and academic integrity in remote examination environments. With the rapid growth of digital learning platforms, educational institutions face significant challenges in monitoring student behavior during online assessments. The proposed system addresses these challenges by integrating advanced computer vision techniques, intelligent audio analysis, and an interactive web-based interface to enable continuous and automated exam supervision. Real-time facial landmark detection, gaze tracking, head-pose estimation, and posture monitoring are performed using MediaPipe and OpenCV to identify behavioral anomalies that may indicate inattentiveness or potential malpractice. In addition, an audio monitoring module analyzes ambient sound patterns to detect irregularities such as background conversations or the presence of multiple individuals. The system provides real-time visual alerts through an intuitive frontend interface and generates a post-examination distraction graph that summarizes detected events over time. Developed using a modular Flask-based architecture, the solution is scalable, cost-effective, and adaptable for integration with external databases and cloud services. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system in supporting secure, efficient, and technology-enhanced remote examinations.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Online Proctoring System, Artificial Intelligence, Computer Vision, MediaPipe, OpenCV, Audio Analysis, Flask, Remote Examination, Academic Integrity.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Tennis elbow, also known as lateral epicondylitis and in ayurveda its can corelate with snayugat vaata, is a painful musculoskeletal disorder characterized by pain and tenderness over the lateral epicondyle due to repetitive strain and micro trauma of the extensor tendon origin. In Ayurveda, the clinical presentation of tennis elbow can be correlated with Snayugata Vata, where aggravated Vata Dosha localizes in the Snayu (tendons/ligaments) around the Kurpara Sandhi (elbow joint), producing pain, stiffness, tenderness, and restricted movements. Conventional management including analgesics, corticosteroid injections, and physiotherapy often provides static relief and may be associated with recurrence or adverse effects. Hence, there is a need for safe and effective alternative management. This single case study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Jalaukavacharana in the management of Snayugata Vata (tennis elbow). A Patient having below complaints treated movements was treated with Jalaukavacharana at weekly intervals along with appropriate Ayurvedic supportive medicines. Assessment was carried out on the basis of subjective and objective parameters including pain score, tenderness, range of motion, and functional ability before and after treatment. After completion of therapy, significant improvement was observed in pain, tenderness, grip strength, and range of motion, with marked reduction in difficulty during daily activities. The therapeutic effect be attributed to the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anticoagulant, and microcirculatory enhancing properties of bioactive substances present in leech saliva such as hirudin and calin. From an Ayurvedic perspective, Jalaukavacharana helps in removal of vitiated Rakta and pacification of aggravated Vata ,Pitta Dosha at the affected site.

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 Keywords

Tennis Elbow,Jalaukavcharan,Snayugat vaat,Lateral Epicondylytis.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Schiff bases are important organic compounds containing an azomethine group (-C=N-) formed by the condensation reaction between primary amines and aldehydes or ketones. These compounds possess significant biological activities and have the ability to form stable complexes with transition metal ions such as zinc, copper, nickel, cobalt, and iron. In the present study, a Schiff base was synthesized using benzaldehyde and aniline, followed by preparation of its zinc metal complex. The synthesized compounds were comparatively evaluated for their antimicrobial activity using a bread preservation test. The Schiff base showed moderate inhibition of fungal growth, whereas the metal complex demonstrated enhanced antimicrobial activity and improved bread preservation ability. The increased activity of the metal complex may be attributed to the chelation effect, which enhances lipophilicity and penetration into microbial cells. The study concludes that Schiff base metal complexes possess better antimicrobial potential than free Schiff base ligands and may serve as promising compounds for future antimicrobial applications.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Schiff base, Metal complex, antimicrobial activity, Azomethine group, Benzaldehyde, Aniline, Zinc complex, Chelation, Bread preservation test.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This was the third time when demonetization in India took place. This time with the objective to combat black money, counterfeit currency and terrorist financing. Currency notes with the denominations of Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 were withdrawn from circulation which accounted for around 86% of the total value of the currency. It caused great sufferings to the whole population of India particularly to rural Indians with limited access to financial and digital infrastructure. This historic economic policy decision of demonetization was supposed to be a game-changer. It has indeed caused disruption on a huge scale which lasted for longer duration. It has resulted to the economic slow-down to some extent as its ultimate cost. This study aims to analyze the impact of demonetization on rural economy. It is an attempt to find out the immediate and long-term impact of demonetization to villagers. It may be beneficial to policy makers as a road map to improvise the implementation of any such move which will maximize positive impact at the time of its effect and the impact of demonetization now, after a decade.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Demonetization, rural economy, farmers, villagers, currency, banking, impact, note-ban.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In this paper I examined the rise of the Rohilla Afghans and their conflict with the Nawab of Awadh. In the eighteenth century with the weakening of Mughal power they established themselves as an independent power. this paper also focuses the causes of their rise territorial expansion their economic interest political ambitions and the role of the British east India Company. It will also analyze the causes of the first and second rohilla wars which known as the Rohilla war. After this war their power weakened and influence in Awadh to an end.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Rohilla, Nawab, Awadh

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The paper addresses the sacredness of woods, hills, rivers, trees, animals and natural forces among the Saura people as holy beings inhabited by spiritual energies and ancestral spirits. Their religious beliefs and social traditions advocate the balance between people and the environment, the sustainable use of natural resources and the preservation of biodiversity. The study also talks about the symbolic portrayal of nature in Saura art and rituals especially in traditional wall murals and agricultural celebrations. The thesis also further analyses the current issues faced by the Saura tribe such as deforestation, relocation, modernization, cultural erosion and climate change, which pose a danger to their ecological traditions and cultural identity. The research suggests that the eco-spiritual worldview of the Saura tribe has important lessons for current environmental ethics, sustainable development and ecological conservation. The study indicates that the eco-spiritual traditions of the Saura tribe are an important indigenous ecological philosophy based on appreciation for nature, coexistence and collective environmental responsibility. They are vital for the promotion of ecological harmony and cultural variety in the present-day society via the preservation of their cultural legacy and traditional ecological knowledge.

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 Keywords

Keywords: Eco-Spirituality, Saura Tribe, Nature Worship, Environmental Ethics, Indigenous Knowledge, Sacred Groves, Tribal Religion, Ecological Conservation, Sustainable Living, Ancestral Spirits, Tribal Culture, Human, Nature Relationship.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Bacillus species have been recognized as a significant microorganism associated with traditional fermented foods globally. Their ability to produce enzymes, antimicrobial compounds, and bioactive peptides during fermentation enhances the nutritional, sensory, and functional properties of these foods. The roles of Bacillus in producing functional foods and nutraceuticals have been increasingly gaining attention due to their ubiquitous and highly durable nature. The products, enriched with specific bioactive components, offer various health benefits beyond basic nutrition and the market of such products has been rapidly expanding. This review delves into the multifaceted role of Bacillus in food fermentation and explores its potential in developing functional foods and nutraceuticals.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Bacillus, Antimicrobial, Bioactive, Sensory, Nutraceuticals

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition