Volume 13 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

With the increasing number of road accidents attributed to driver distraction and drowsiness, intelligent driver monitoring has become a critical focus area in automotive safety systems. This research presents an AI-powered Driver Monitoring System that detects and classifies driver behaviour in real-time using deep learning techniques. The system is trained on a curated dataset comprising 11 driver activity classes, including normal driving (c0), various distracted behaviors (c1-c9), and drowsiness detection (c10). Several architectures were explored to identify the most effective model, including a Simple Dense Network, ResNet50 , and VGG16. The YOLOv8 model achieved the highest standalone test accuracy of 98.46%, making it the optimal choice for real-time Region of Interest (ROI) extraction. Leveraging this, the final proposed architecture integrates YOLOv8 for ROI detection, followed by VGG16 for fine-grained classification of driver actions. This hybrid pipeline combines the speed and localization efficiency of YOLOv8 with the classification strength of VGG16, ensuring high precision in diverse real-world scenarios. The proposed system holds promise for deployment in advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and fleet management platforms, contributing to enhanced road safety and proactive intervention against risky driving behavior.

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 Keywords

Driver Monitoring, Drowsiness Detection, Distraction Detection, Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Convolutional Neural Networks, AI in Transportation, Real-Time Monitoring, Road Safety, Multiclass Classification.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The structural evaluation and overlay design of flexible pavements are essential for ensuring road performance and prolonging pavement life. The FWD test is a widely adopted, non-destructive method for assessing the structural capacity of flexible pavements by replicating real-world traffic loading conditions. This study outlines a comprehensive approach for evaluating flexible pavements using FWD test and developing effective overlay designs to restore their structural integrity and serviceability. Pavement surface deflections caused by impulse loading are used to back-calculate layer moduli and identify structural weaknesses. The overlay design process is grounded in mechanistic-empirical principles, using the computed moduli and critical strain responses to determine the optimal overlay thickness. The FWD test was developed to address the limitations of the BBD method. Compared to the BBD, the FWD offers several advantages, including faster data collection, greater accuracy, and the ability to simulate dynamic traffic loading conditions. Unlike the BBD test, which uses static loading and manual measurements, the FWD replicates real-time traffic loads, resulting in more reliable and comprehensive evaluations of pavement performance.

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 Keywords

FWD-Falling Wight Deflectometer, BBD-Benkelman Beam Deflectometer, Back-Calculation, Layer Moduli

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 Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive financial performance analysis of ITC Limited over a five-year period (2019-2024), utilizing key financial ratios to evaluate the company's operational efficiency, profitability, liquidity, and solvency. The analysis is based entirely on secondary data derived from ITC's annual reports and financial statements. Key metrics such as the current ratio, quick ratio, net profit margin, return on capital employed, and various turnover ratios were applied to assess ITC's financial health. The findings reveal that ITC maintains a strong liquidity position, consistently high profitability, and minimal reliance on debt, underscoring its financial stability. The company's efforts in diversifying revenue streams, optimizing resource utilization, and focusing on sustainable growth are evident in its improving financial indicators. This study concludes that ITC is well-positioned for future growth and resilience, with strategic initiatives aligning with evolving market and environmental demands.

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 Keywords

Key words: Financial Performance, Ratio Analysis, ITC Limited, Liquidity Ratios.

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 Abstract

Employer branding has become a critical strategy for financial institutions seeking to attract and retain top talent in a competitive job market. This study examines the impact of employer branding on talent acquisition, focusing on key factors such as corporate reputation, workplace culture, career growth opportunities, and compensation. Using a combination of primary and secondary data, the study explores how employer branding influences job seekers' perceptions and recruitment outcomes. Statistical tools such as factor analysis, regression analysis, and correlation analysis are used to assess the relationship between employer branding elements and talent acquisition effectiveness. The findings suggest that a strong employer brand enhances an institution's ability to attract skilled professionals, improves employee retention, and strengthens organizational competitiveness. The study also highlights challenges such as changing workforce expectations and evolving industry trends that impact branding effectiveness. The research provides valuable insights for financial institutions to refine their employer branding strategies and improve their recruitment efforts.

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 Keywords

Employer Branding, Talent Acquisition, Financial Institutions and Corporate Reputation

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

: Constipation is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal comorbidities seen in children with cerebral palsy (CP), significantly affecting their health, daily functioning, and quality of life. Traditional management relies heavily on pharmacological interventions, but these may cause side effects and often do not address underlying neuromuscular dysfunctions. Physiotherapy provides a non-invasive, holistic approach to enhance bowel motility and support gastrointestinal health in these children. This narrative review explores the role of various physiotherapy modalities, including abdominal massage, connective tissue manipulation, stretching exercises, osteopathic treatment, structured physiotherapy programs, and electrotherapy techniques such as TENS and interferential current (IFC), in managing chronic constipation in children with CP. Recent studies demonstrate encouraging outcomes, emphasizing the need for physiotherapy integration into multidisciplinary constipation management strategies. Future research focusing on standardized protocols and larger trials is essential to establish strong clinical guidelines.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Cerebral palsy, constipation, physiotherapy, abdominal massage, stretching exercises, electrical stimulation, pediatric rehabilitation

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The excessive use of pesticides in agriculture poses serious health risks to consumers and affects food safety. This project proposes an IoT-based solution for monitoring pesticide levels in fruits and vegetables in realtime. The system integrates sensor technology, machine learning, and cloud computing to detect and analyse pesticide residues. The IoT-enabled sensors collect chemical composition data from the produce, which is then processed using a machine learning algorithm to determine pesticide concentration levels. The data is transmitted to a cloud-based platform for storage, analysis, and visualization, providing real-time alerts to farmers, vendors, and consumers. This solution enhances food safety, promotes sustainable agricultural practices, and ensures regulatory compliance by enabling continuous monitoring and early detection of harmful pesticide residues.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

IoT, Pesticide Monitoring, Food Safety, Smart Agriculture, Wireless Sensors, Machine Learning, Cloud Computing, Precision Farming, Real-time Monitoring

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The Uniform Civil Code (UCC) continues to be one of the most contentious and sensitive issues in the legal and socio-political scenario of India. This research paper examines the history, constitutional necessity, and current relevance of the implementation of a UCC in India. It examines the paradox between personal laws based on religious traditions and the necessity of a uniform code of civil laws that promote equality, secularism, and national integration. The study also examines judicial interpretations, popular views, and legislative attempts towards the UCC. By weighing arguments in favour of and against the code, the paper tries to present a balanced picture of the viability, challenges, and possible road map to its implementation. Finally, the research determines the necessity of finding a balance between individual rights and collective identities in a pluralistic society.

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 Keywords

Uniform Civil code , HAMA , Constitution, Marriage, Adoption , Inheritance, etc

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This paper revisits the study of international relations (IR) by juxtaposing selected Western and non-Western theoretical frameworks. It focuses on Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism on the Western side, and on Chinese Tianxia, Muhammad Ayoob's Third World (Subaltern) Realism, and Islamic governance principles on the non-Western side. After outlining each theory's core assumptions in the literature review, the paper adopts a comparative analytical approach to highlight contrasts in worldviews, actors, moral norms, and sources of order. The methodology is qualitative and theoretical, involving critical literature analysis and conceptual comparison. The comparative analysis shows, for example, that Western Realism's state-centric, power-political view contrasts sharply with Tianxia's universal-harmony vision, while Islamic thought emphasizes a moral community of believers guided by justice. By critically examining these diverse perspectives, the paper demonstrates that incorporating non-Western concepts enriches IR theory and addresses criticisms of Eurocentrisme-ir.infoe-ir.info. The discussion interprets these findings in light of recent scholarship, and the conclusion summarizes the implications for a more globally inclusive IR discourse.

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 Keywords

International Relations Theory, Western Theories, Non Western Theories, Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism, Tianxia, Islamic Principles, Third World Realism.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

A pre- experimental study to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge of adolescent girls regarding prevention of acquired immuno deficiency syndrome in selected higher senior secondary school, Distt. Hisar (Haryana) Majority of adolescent girls were in the age 16-17 years. 63.3% of adolescent girls are from class 11th. Most of adolescent girls are Hindu & belongs to medium class family. In pre-test level of knowledge of adolescent girls showed that 68.3% of adolescent girls were having poor knowledge, 31.7% of population was average of knowledge and 0% of population was having good knowledge. In pre-test level of knowledge of adolescent girls showed that 68.3% of adolescent girls were having poor knowledge, 31.7% of adolescent girls were average of knowledge and 0% of adolescent girlswere having good knowledge. In post-test, Level of peoples in the post test showed that 45% of adolescent girls were having good knowledge regarding prevention of HIV/AIDS and 55% of the adolescent girls were having average knowledge and 0% adolescent girls were having poor knowledge regarding prevention of HIV/AIDS.

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 Keywords

experimental, Assess, Association, knowledge , Population ,dysmenoerrhea, school . Immunodeficiency, prevention.

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 Abstract

This research paper explores the astronomical and cultural significance of the Nebra Sky Disk, discovered in 1999 on the summit of the Mittelberg hill near Nebra, in central Germany. The Nebra Sky Disk, considered the oldest known accurate depiction of celestial phenomena, reveals a remarkably sophisticated understanding of the sun, moon, stars, and their relationship to human timekeeping during the Bronze Age. Its arrangement of celestial elements--particularly the depiction of the crescent moon alongside a cluster of stars, likely the Pleiades--provides the earliest visual evidence of advanced astronomical observation. Subsequent Babylonian inscriptions, dated later than the Nebra Sky Disk, explain the significance of such celestial alignments: when the crescent moon and the Pleiades appear together in a particular configuration, it signals the need to insert an extra month into the lunar calendar to realign it with the solar year. This practice of calendrical adjustment, known as intercalation, is a crucial principle that ensured the accuracy of ancient lunar-solar calendars. A similar logic underpins the Hindu lunar calendar's Adhik Masa, where an additional month is introduced approximately every three years to synchronise the lunar months with the solar cycle. By comparing the Nebra Sky Disk's symbolism with Babylonian calendrical inscriptions and the Indian system of Adhik Masa, this paper suggests a deeper, shared ancestral cultural origin. The consistent appearance of this astronomical knowledge across geographically distant civilisations strongly suggests that these cultures did not evolve in isolation but may trace back to a common source of ancient human understanding. The convergence of astronomical practices highlights the possibility that early human societies, regardless of their location, were connected by a unified pursuit to harmonise human life with the rhythms of the cosmos. The findings contribute to a broader understanding of how astronomical wisdom shaped cultural and religious practices across diverse civilisations.

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 Keywords

Nebra Sky Disk, Adhik Masa, Ancient Astronomy, Lunar-Solar Calendars, Intercalation, Pleiades, Shared Ancestral Culture, Cultural Astronomy, Synchronisation of Lunar and Solar Cycles, Bronze Age Civilisations

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition