Volume 13 | Issue 3 |

 Abstract

The present investigation aims to examine the impact of resistance training combined with specific skill exercises on the cardio-respiratory endurance of male intercollegiate Kabaddi players. For this reason, a total of 40 male players from degree colleges in Bengaluru (Karnataka, India) were randomly divided into two groups: the Experimental Group (Group-A, 20 players), which underwent resistance training integrated with specific skill exercises and the Control Group (Group-B, 20 players), which followed their regular routine without additional training. Baseline (pre-test) cardio-respiratory endurance was measured for both groups using Cooper's 12-Minute Run/Walk Test (measured in meters). The experimental group participated in the resistance training and skill exercise programmes five days a week for twelve weeks, while the control group continued their usual schedule. After the training period, post-test scores were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using paired 't' test and independent sample 't' test at 0.05 and 0.01 significance levels with the help of SPSS and MS Excel. The findings revealed significant changes in cardio-respiratory endurance among Kabaddi players who underwent resistance training combined with specific skill exercises compared to the control group. This improvement might be because the resistance training helped the kabaddi players build muscle strength as well as stamina, improving their oxygen intake along with ability to perform for longer periods. Also, practicing specific Kabaddi skills along with training may have enhanced their game movements, leading to better endurance.

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 Keywords

Resistance Training, cardio-respiratory endurance, specific skill exercises, Kabaddi, Intercollegiate Male Players.

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Abstract The Climate change poses a serious threat to India's economic development through multiple channels: declining labor productivity, damage to infrastructure, loss in agricultural output, increased health burdens, and mounting adaptation costs. This paper assesses the projected economic losses to India under different emissions and warming scenarios, estimates the costs of adaptation and mitigation, and examines how these costs interact with development goals. We also analyze policy options that can help minimize these losses while supporting sustainable growth. Our findings suggest that under a high emissions scenario, India could face GDP losses of 20-25 per cent by 2070 and much higher by 2100. The cost of adapting to climate change by 2030 projected in the many trillions of rupees, imposing a substantial burden but also offering opportunities for innovation, resilience, and inclusive development. Climate change is already affecting India through rising temperatures, changing monsoon patterns, more frequent and severe extreme events, and slow-onset changes that undermine productivity and infrastructure. Using recent literature and institutional estimates, this paper synthesizes evidence on the channels through which climate change reduces output in agriculture, labor productivity, health, and infrastructure, and quantifies likely macroeconomic costs under plausible scenarios. The evidence suggests substantial short and long-term costs: sectoral losses (especially in agriculture and informal labor) and fiscal strains from disaster response and adaptation investments could reduce growth and push millions back into poverty if unaddressed. The article closes with prioritized policy responses-strengthening climate-resilient agriculture, expanding social protection, investing in nature-based solutions and cooling infrastructure, and mobilizing green finance.

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Key words: Climate change, Economic development, Sustainable growth, GDP

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 Abstract

1857 ka sangram : ek samgra vivechan

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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1857 ka sangram : ek samgra vivechan

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In the digital age, the alignment of technology with business objectives has become an essential component of organizational success, particularly in the context of digital transformation. This paper proposes a comprehensive framework to guide organizations in aligning their technological investments with business strategies, focusing on the key components of strategic alignment, technology infrastructure, organizational culture, leadership, change management, and customer-centricity. The framework is designed to address the complexity of digital transformation and offer practical solutions for organizations to optimize their digital initiatives. While the framework provides a structured approach, it acknowledges certain limitations, such as its context-specific applicability and the rapidly evolving nature of technology. The paper concludes by outlining several future research directions to further refine and expand the framework, including the integration of emerging technologies, industry-specific adaptations, and a deeper exploration of the human and cultural dimensions of digital transformation.

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Digital Transformation, Technology Alignment, Business Strategy, Organizational Culture, Strategic

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This aim of research is to find out the relationship between academic achievement and social media awareness among secondary school students and also find out the effect of sex, type of management and awareness levels about social media of students on their academic achievement. A total of 120 students (60 boys and 60 girls) were selected from three types of school management - government, private aided, and private unaided - in Chikkaballapur Taluk of Chikkaballapura District, Karnataka. For data collection, a self-constructed Students' Social Media Awareness Scale was used to measure students' awareness of social media, while academic achievement scores were obtained from school records based on students' marks. The researcher personally visited the selected schools to collect demographic details and administer the research tools. In this study, academic achievement was considered the dependent variable, whereas social media awareness served as the independent variable. Background variables included sex and type of school management. The data collected was statistically analyzed using independent t-tests, One-Way ANOVA, and Karl Pearson's Product Moment Correlation Coefficient with the help of the SPSS software package. The findings of this research are expected to provide knowledge into how social media awareness impacts students' academic performance. Understanding this relationship will help educators and policymakers design better strategies to enhance academic achievement by considering students' social media awareness. This study adds to the ongoing discourse on social media's influence in the educational context and offers practical implications for secondary school education.

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Student engagement, social media, secondary school students, sex, type of management.

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As organizations continue their digital transformation journeys, the integration of procurement processes within Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems using Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and XML gateways has emerged as a strategic enabler for supply chain efficiency. This review synthesizes current research on the application of EDI and XML technologies in procurement automation, evaluates their operational benefits, and presents a theoretical framework to optimize ERP-integrated procurement. Through comparative analysis and simulated experimental data, the review demonstrates significant improvements in procurement cycle time, cost efficiency, and error reduction. The paper concludes with future research directions emphasizing AI, blockchain, and adaptive integration frameworks to enhance procurement performance and resilience.

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ERP Integration, EDI, XML Gateway, Procurement Automation, Digital Supply Chain, Procurement Optimization, Enterprise Systems, Supply Chain Technology, Transaction Cost, Interoperability

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As organizations increasingly adopt hybrid infrastructure environments, the need for unified and secure authentication across platforms becomes imperative. Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) systems integrated with Windows Active Directory (AD) using the Pluggable Authentication Module (PAM) offer a scalable solution to this challenge. This review explores the architectural, operational, and security components involved in building such authentication frameworks. It analyzes PAM's role as an extensible interface, evaluates AD integration via SSSD and Winbind, and presents experimental performance benchmarks. Key findings highlight that SSSD outperforms legacy methods in terms of reliability, latency, and security. The article also identifies critical limitations in current integration strategies and outlines future research directions to enhance interoperability, observability, and automation. The work aims to assist system architects and IT administrators in designing robust, cross-platform identity solutions rooted in best practices and modern authentication standards.

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Active Directory integration; PAM; Red Hat Enterprise Linux; Cross-platform authentication; Kerberos; SSSD; Winbind; Identity management; LDAP; Hybrid infrastructure

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Infrastructure as Code (IaC) has revolutionized how organizations build, manage, and scale cloud infrastructure. However, its widespread adoption introduces critical challenges in governance, compliance, and security--especially when deployed at scale. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of current practices, emerging frameworks, and experimental findings in secure IaC implementation. It explores policy-as-code models, drift detection systems, secret management, and GitOps strategies while presenting a unified theoretical model for enterprise-grade IaC governance. Through empirical evaluations, we demonstrate the measurable benefits of policy automation and security integration in modern DevSecOps pipelines. The review concludes by highlighting future directions, including AI-driven policy engines and compliance portability. This work serves as both a reference and a roadmap for organizations striving to secure their cloud infrastructure through automated and scalable governance.

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Infrastructure as Code; Policy-as-Code; Governance; Compliance; DevSecOps; Cloud Security; Drift Detection; GitOps; IaC Security Automation; Continuous Compliance

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With enterprises today leveraging data at scale, and at speed, traditional manual Extract, Transform, Load (ETL) pipelines can no longer sustain the pace with which organizations need to leverage new data available. This potential review paper investigates the evolution of ETL from scripted pipelines to automated ETL systems, emphasizing the emerging role of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and cloud-native technologies. The authors will unpack the emergence of intelligent/adaptive ETL methodologies to address and improve the management of dynamic schema changes, handle real-time ingestion, and manage enterprise-scale volume of data. A critical review of literature, case studies, and findings from experiments will yield support for the characterization of the current state of ETL by examining and analyzing current challenges in governance, explainability, and quality of data. The paper will finish by suggesting next steps in future research and areas of innovation for developing resilient, explainable, and intelligent ETLs for the next generation of data ecosystems.

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ETL Automation, Data Engineering, AI in ETL, Machine Learning Pipelines

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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India's political party system is a complex and dynamic entity, reflecting the nation's immense linguistic, cultural, social, and religious diversity. Operating within a robust federal democratic framework, it has undergone profound transformations since its inception in the colonial era. The system's trajectory is marked by distinct phases, beginning with a prolonged period of single-party dominance, transitioning through an era of fragmented multi-party competition and coalition governments, and more recently, witnessing the ascendancy of a new dominant political force. Understanding this evolution requires a deep dive into historical developments, key political actors, ideological shifts, and the profound impact of significant events on party structures and inter-party relations. The historical trajectory of India's party system originates in the late 19th century with the formation of the Indian National Congress (INC) as the principal vehicle for the independence movement. Following India's independence in 1947, the INC established a unique form of democratic hegemony, often referred to as the "Congress System." This period of singular control gradually eroded, paving the way for an era characterized by the rise of regional parties and the necessity of coalition governments at the national level. In contemporary times, the system has experienced another significant shift with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) establishing a new form of national dominance. A notable characteristic of India's party system is its cyclical nature of dominance. The initial period of overwhelming control by the Indian National Congress after independence eventually gave way to a phase of multi-party competition and coalition governments. This fragmentation, in turn, has been succeeded by the Bharatiya Janata Party's establishment of a new form of dominance in the 21st century. This pattern suggests that the Indian party system does not follow a simple, linear progression from one-party dominance to a multi-party or two-party system. Instead, it exhibits a recurring pattern where periods of strong single-party control alternate with phases of more fragmented and intensely competitive politics. This inherent dynamism means that no single party's preeminence is permanent, and the system retains a remarkable capacity for significant shifts and adaptations in response to evolving internal and external pressures. Such adaptability challenges any static conceptualization of the party system, underscoring its fluid and responsive qualities within the democratic framework. This articles discussed the evolution of party system in India since Colonial period till the current phase of one Party dominance of BJP led NDA Government which is also marked as "MODI" era.

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 Keywords

Party, coalition, emergency, multipolar, electoral supremacy, ideology, communalism, Caste, charismatic

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition