Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

The research examines how cryptocurrency and central bank digital currency adoption affects international trade USD usage through changes in payment infrastructure and trade speed and financial access for different population segments and regulatory frameworks. The research uses an extended Gravity Model of Trade together with panel data which draws from IMF World Bank BIS and WTO public databases to study trade patterns from 2015 through 2025. The study includes digital currency integration as a variable together with demographic structure and trade policy as conditioning factors. The research findings show that digital currencies help reduce banking settlement challenges through atomic transactions which reduces the need for USD as a payment vehicle in specific trade routes. The statistical data indicates that substitution effects become substantial when economies contain both youthful residents and effective regulatory frameworks. The value of dollars as a storage asset continues to dominate because of how currency reserves function and the benefits which come from being part of a large financial network. The research indicates that de-dollarization exists as a partial currency substitution process which results from technological advancements and population spread across different areas. The research establishes a single analytical system which unites digital finance with population dynamics and trade governance to study international macroeconomics.

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 Keywords

Digital currencies, CBDCs, de-dollarization, global trade, Gravity Model, demographics, payment systems

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Pelvic Organ Prolapse is one of the common Gynecological morbidities among women which compromise the quality of their lives. Pelvic Organ Prolapse is not the problem for old ladies only. In fact, it is estimated that Fifty percent of women of childbearing age will experience some level of Pelvic organ prolapse. DESIGN: One group pre-test post-test pre experimental design was selected for this study. SUBJECTS: The samples were 60 women aged between 20 to 45 years from selected urban area of Bangalore. METHOD: A purposive sampling technique was used to select the samples for the study. DATA COLLECTION TOOL: A self instructional module and structured knowledge questionnaire was used to collect the data from the subjects. DATA ANALYSIS: The obtained data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics and interpreted in terms of objectives and hypothesis of the study. The level of significance was set at 0.05 level. RESULTS: The result showed during pre-test that majority (73.3%) had inadequate knowledge and only few (26.7%) had moderate knowledge and none of them had adequate knowledge regarding uterine prolapse. A significant gain in the knowledge level (t=26.98, p<0.05, 59df) is found after the administration of SIM. Pre-test knowledge level of women regarding uterine prolapse was significantly associated with their age (?2=6.37), family income/month (?2=10.97) and number of children(?2=7.90) at 0.05 levels of significance.

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 Keywords

uterine prolapse; self-instructional module; Prevention of uterine prolapse; women aged between 20 to 45 years; selected socio demographic variables; selected urban area; pre experimental study; one group pre-test and post-test design.

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Children constitute a vital segment of society and represent the cornerstone of national development. The manner in which a nation safeguards the rights and welfare of its children is a significant indicator of its social, legal, and moral progress. This paper examines the evolution and scope of child welfare laws across different jurisdictions, with a particular focus on international conventions and legal frameworks designed to protect children from exploitation, abuse, neglect, and discrimination. It analyses key global instruments such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and other international protocols that establish minimum standards for child protection and holistic development. The study further explores the role of national legislations in aligning domestic child welfare mechanisms with international commitments, highlighting comparative approaches adopted by various countries. By emphasizing the importance of legal safeguards, policy interventions, and institutional support systems, the paper underscores the necessity of a rights-based and child-centric legal framework. The research concludes that effective implementation of child welfare laws, supported by international cooperation and sustained policy reforms, is essential to ensure the protection, dignity, and overall well-being of children, thereby strengthening the social and developmental foundations of nations worldwide.

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 Keywords

Child Labour, Forced Labour, Constitutional Law, Discrimination, Exploitation of child labour

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Agriculture is also encountering growing difficulties associated with climate change variability, crop diseases, inefficient resource management, and unpredictable market prices. It is evident that farmers are encountering difficulties from scattered sources of information, resulting in tardy decisions and economic losses. This article introduces Smart Agriculture Advisory Website, an Artificial Intelligence-assisted decision-support tool that integrates comprehensive and contemporary agricultural recommendations. It makes use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for leaf image analysis to detect crop diseases, machine learning techniques for soil-based crop and fertilizer recommendations, and Long Short-Term (LSTM) models for predicting agricultural commodity prices. Combining soil information, weather patterns, crop health analysis, and market dynamics, this system provides customized day-by-day action plans through an interactive web-based interface. This innovative tool is envisioned to boost agricultural production, eliminate wastage of resources, and promote sustainable agricultural practices to ensure improved food security.

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Precision Agriculture, Deep Learning (CNN), LSTM, Soil-Based Recommendation, Agricultural Analytics, Food Security

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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With the rapid growth of technology, digital payment systems have become an important part of daily life, especially among young people. Easy access to mobile phones, internet services, and payment apps has changed the way youth spend money. This study looks at how digital payments affect the spending habits of youth in India. The survey was conducted among 60 young people between the ages of 15 and 30. Information was collected through a simple questionnaire that focused on how often digital payments are used and how they influence spending behaviour. Convenience sampling was used for the study, and the data were analysed using percentage analysis. The findings show that digital payments encourage more frequent spending among youth due to ease and accessibility. Overall, the study highlights how digital payment methods are shaping the daily financial habits of young people in India.

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 Keywords

digital payments; youth; spending habits; online payments.

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Abstract Children with hearing impairment often experience significant challenges in the development of speech and language skills due to limited auditory input, which affects vocabulary acquisition, sentence formation, and functional communication. Sight word learning has emerged as an effective instructional approach that supports visual recognition of frequently used words and facilitates meaningful language use. The present study aims to examine the effectiveness of a sight word learning approach in enhancing the speech and language skills of children with hearing impairment. A structured intervention program incorporating visual cues, repetition, flashcards, picture-word association, and functional language activities was implemented over a specified period. A pre-test and post-test research design was adopted to assess improvements in receptive and expressive language skills. The findings revealed a notable improvement in word recognition, vocabulary usage, sentence construction, and functional communication abilities among the participants following the intervention. The results suggest that sight word instruction plays a significant role in strengthening speech and language development in children with hearing impairment by promoting visual learning and consistent language exposure. The study highlights the importance of integrating sight word learning strategies into speech and language intervention programs to support effective communication and academic readiness in children with hearing impairment.

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sight word learning, hearing impairment, speech and language development, multisensory instruction.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

সংক্ষিপ্তসার:- ভারতীয় দর্শনের জ্ঞানতত্ত্বে প্রত্যভিজ্ঞার একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভুমিকা রয়েছে। যা পূর্বে অর্জিত জ্ঞান ও বর্তমান উপলব্ধির সংযোগে উৎপন্ন হয়। ন্যায় ও জৈন দর্শন উভয়েই প্রত্যভিজ্ঞাকে স্বীকার করলেও তার স্বরূপ, প্রমাণমূল্য ও জ্ঞানতাত্ত্বিক অবস্থান নির্ধারণে তাদের দৃষ্টিভঙ্গিতে মৌলিক পার্থক্য লক্ষ্য করা যায়। ন্যায় দর্শনে প্রত্যভিজ্ঞা মূলত স্মৃতি ও প্রত্যক্ষের সংযোগজাত একটি জ্ঞানরূপ হিসেবে বিবেচিত এবং তা প্রত্যক্ষ প্রমাণের অন্তর্গত। কিন্তু জৈন দর্শনে তা পরোক্ষ প্রমাণের অন্তর্গত একটি স্বতন্ত্র প্রমাণ হিসেবে স্বীকৃত। এই প্রবন্ধে প্রথমে ন্যায় ও জৈন দর্শনের প্রমাণতত্ত্বে প্রত্যভিজ্ঞা জ্ঞানের ধারণা সংক্ষেপে আলোচনা করা হয়েছে। পরবর্তীতে প্রত্যভিজ্ঞার স্বরূপ ও জ্ঞানমূল্য উভয় দর্শনের আলোকে বিশ্লেষণ করে একটি তুলনামূলক আলোচনা উপস্থাপন করা হয়েছে। এর মাধ্যমে প্রত্যভিজ্ঞা সম্পর্কে ন্যায় এবং জৈন দর্শনের দৃষ্টিভঙ্গির পার্থক্য স্পষ্ট করা হয়েছে। এই তুলনামূলক বিশ্লেষণ ভারতীয় জ্ঞানতত্ত্বে প্রত্যভিজ্ঞার অবস্থান ও গুরুত্ব অনুধাবন এই প্রবন্ধের আলোচ্য বিষয়।

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 Keywords

সূচক শব্দ:- প্রত্যভিজ্ঞা, প্রমাণ, জ্ঞানতত্ত্ব, স্মৃতি, ন্যায় দর্শন, জৈন দর্শন৷

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 Abstract

Sports infrastructure plays an important role in transforming students to encourage in sports activities. This study presents an assessment of sports infrastructure and facilities across different colleges in Manipur, in the motive that there will be a significant difference between government and aided colleges. The researcher collects the data from reputed colleges by using a self-made questionnaire. The data were collected from 10 colleges (5 government colleges and 5 government-aided colleges) through the random sampling method, which are located in different districts of valley areas of Manipur. To analyze the data, the chi-square test was applied at the level of significant difference of 0.05 to examine whether there are significant differences in the availability of sports facilities among the colleges. The analysis shows that there were statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in some specific areas.

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Sports infrastructure, facilities, colleges, chi-square, Manipur

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This paper presents a comparative analysis of three Artificial Intelligence (AI) based models -- Random Forest, XG Boost, and a Hybrid Ensemble Model (Random Forest + XG Boost) -- for detecting network threats. The NSL-KDD dataset was used to train and evaluate the models. The study aims to improve the accuracy, precision, and reliability of intrusion detection systems by combining ensemble learning methods. Each model was tested under the same preprocessing and training conditions, and performance metrics such as Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and F1-score were analyzed. Results showed that the Hybrid Ensemble model achieved the best performance with an accuracy of 99.45%, proving that combining Random Forest and XG Boost enhances overall detection capability and reduces false alarms.

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Network Security, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Random Forest, XGBoost, Hybrid Ensemble, NSL-KDD, Threat Detection.

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BACKGROUND & PURPOSE: Smartphones have become an integral part of daily life among medical students due to academic and recreational demands. Prolonged and excessive smartphone use is associated with poor posture, repetitive movements, and sustained neck flexion, which may contribute to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), particularly affecting the neck and upper extremities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among medical students due to smartphone use. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 132 medical students aged 18-25 years at Motiwala College of Physiotherapy using purposive sampling. Outcome measures included the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS), Neck Disability Index (NDI), and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire. RESULTS: The study revealed a high prevalence of mild neck disability (90.2%), while 75.8% of participants showed no upper limb disability. CONCLUSION: Excessive smartphone use is strongly associated with neck-related musculoskeletal disorders among medical students, highlighting the need for early preventive and ergonomic interventions.

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 Keywords

KEYWORDS: Smartphone use, musculoskeletal disorders, neck disability, medical students, smartphone addiction.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition