Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

This research paper conducts a comprehensive cross-country analysis of the interplay between income inequality and ecological footprint, with a focus on their implications for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Data from 55 economies, spanning 1995 to 2018 and representing developed, developing, and underdeveloped nations, is analyzed. The findings predominantly reveal a positive relationship between income inequality and ecological footprint, supported by the inequality measurements (Gini). However, some instances exhibit statistically insignificant relationships, particularly Gini in high-income countries. The economic rationale behind the positive relationship lies in heightened income inequality leading to resource disparities, where wealthier individuals can afford environmentally friendly goods, while the less privileged rely on natural resources, resulting in increased ecological footprint and environmental degradation. The study also uncovers a positive correlation between GDP per capita growth and ecological footprint, as rising per capita income boosts purchasing power and increases the ecological footprint. Similarly, a positive relationship is observed between FDI inflows and ecological footprint, driven by increased foreign private investment stimulating urbanization and natural resource demand, amplifying the ecological footprint. However, inclusive growth from FDI inflows can contribute to income inequality, consequently increasing the ecological footprint. Significant variations are observed in income inequality across different country groups. Moreover, the ecological footprint is found to be higher in high-income countries and lower in low-income countries. Lastly, the Random Effects Model (REM) demonstrates the significant positive effect of income inequality on ecological footprint. In light of these insights, the study emphasizes the need for government policies to prioritize initiatives that reduce income inequality, as such measures are likely to decrease ecological footprint and contribute to advancing SDGs.

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 Keywords

Income Inequality, Gini, Ecological Footprint, Panel Data

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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Vataja Oshthaprakop, chapped lips, Navaneet, Madhu lepa, Puran Ghrita lepa, Shalakyatantra.

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With a focus on the roles of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, services sector output, and services exports, this study empirically examines the factors that influence employment in India's services industry. The analysis looks at the long-term and short-term dynamics between the variables using annual time-series data and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) framework. The KPSS unit root test is used to evaluate the series' stationarity, while the ARDL bounds test and the Johansen cointegration process are used to evaluate cointegration. The findings show that employment in the services sector, services value added, foreign direct investment inflows, and services exports all have a consistent long-term association. According to long-term estimates, employment is positively impacted by services sector output and FDI inflows, but exports of services show a negative correlation, indicating that export-oriented service expansion is comparatively employment-inelastic. The significance of sectoral expansion and foreign investment in creating jobs is further supported by short-term dynamics. The results demonstrate the unique character of services-led growth in India and emphasize the necessity of policies that support employment-intensive service activities in addition to focused skill development and investment plans to maximize the services sector's capacity to create jobs.

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 Keywords

Services sector employment; Foreign direct investment; Services exports; ARDL-ECM; Cointegration; India

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This project is designed to help physically challenged people move independently and control basic home appliances without using their hands. The system allows users to control an electronic wheelchair and household devices using simple eye-blink gestures. It is mainly useful for people who have difficulty using their hands or speaking. An infrared (IR) sensor is fixed on a pair of eyeglasses to detect the user's eye blinks. These eye-blink signals are sent to an Arduino microcontroller, which understands the blink patterns as commands. Based on the command, the wheelchair moves forward, backward, left, or right. This makes movement easy and safe without the need for physical effort or help from others. Along with wheelchair control, the project also includes IoT-based home automation. Using the same eye-blink method, users can switch ON or OFF household appliances like lights and fans. This helps the user stay independent inside the home environment. The system uses low-cost components such as Arduino, IR sensors, and simple wearable devices, making it affordable and easy to use. The project shows that eye-blink detection is a simple, reliable, and non-invasive method for assistive control. Overall, this project improves mobility, comfort, and independence for physically challenged individuals.

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 Keywords

Eye-blink detection, Assistive technology, electronic wheelchair, Arduino, IoT, IR sensor Smart home automation, physically challenged support, Human-machine interface

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Substance use rejection skills are critical during college life, a transformative phase marked by exploration, peer influence, and heightened risk of experimentation among first-year students. This study assessed substance use rejection skills for abstinence among college students in Kozhikode district. A descriptive survey design was adopted to examine substance-use rejection skills among 300 first-year college students selected using random sampling. Data were collected using the Drug Avoidance Self-Efficacy Scale (DASES) and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The majority of students (68%, n = 204) demonstrated moderate rejection skills, 26% (n = 77) showed low skills, and only 6% (n = 19) exhibited high rejection skills, indicating that a considerable proportion remain vulnerable to experimentation and continued use. Significant associations were identified between rejection scores and age and birth order.

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self-regulation skills, substance abstinence, college students, first-year students

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In the context of Indian tax system, particularly in the in GST regime, research on the tax compliance behavior is of significant policy implication. Until recently, studies were found on the tax compliance issue abroad. The main purpose of the study is to examine the available literature on the topic. By conceptualizing the problem, the present study embarked on developing a revised model of the constructs to study tax compliance behaviour. Apart from the explored factors from the various studies, factors such as Religion, political orientation, Local economic perception, Risk perception, National Pride, and Professional orientation were included in the composition of variables. The study concludes with a revised suggested model.

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GST Compliance, Behaviour, Literature, factors, Model

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Women's Empowerment is now an important issue in India. In the western countries, the women have got equal right and status with men in all the cases. But in India they are not treated as equal to men in all the places. They had faced some difficulty from earliest to till now. Though the role of women has changed at present. Now women is leading in every field and society like sports, education, commerce, industry, politics, technology, army ,agriculture, But yet, they not absolutely free till now, some discrimination and harassment are also seen in the society. In Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal is not exception in this context. So this paper studied issues and challenges of Women's empowerment in Kharagpur subdivision, Paschim medinipur. For economic development of any society or country social and economic development of women is necessary.

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women Empowerment ,Education ,Discrimination , Issues, challenges.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Thyroid disorders are among the most common endocrine conditions affecting metabolic regulation and overall health. The two major dysfunctions of the thyroid gland are hypothyroidism, characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, and hyperthyroidism, characterized by excessive hormone production. Hypothyroidism results in a reduced metabolic rate and commonly presents with fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, and slowed physiological functions. In contrast, hyperthyroidism accelerates metabolic processes and is associated with symptoms such as weight loss, heat intolerance, tremors, tachycardia, anxiety, and increased bowel activity. Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical presentation and thyroid function assessment. Management strategies differ according to the disorder. Levothyroxine remains the standard treatment for hypothyroidism, aiming to restore normal hormone levels and relieve symptoms. Hyperthyroidism treatment includes beta-blockers for symptomatic control, antithyroid medications to reduce hormone synthesis, radioiodine therapy, and surgical interventions when required. Early recognition and appropriate treatment are essential to prevent complications and improve patient outcomes.

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Thyroid disorder, Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, HRQOL

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This paper explores the themes of cultural assimilation and identity through the lens of adventure in Michael Bond's Paddington Bear series. As a young bear from "Darkest Peru" who arrives alone in London, Paddington serves as a compelling literary figure of the immigrant experience in post-war Britain. Through his polite demeanor, unintentional misadventures, and persistent efforts to fit into British society, the narrative reflects broader socio-cultural questions of belonging, adaptation, and the silent negotiations of identity. This Study analyses how Paddington's journey from an outsider with a label around his neck to a beloved member of the Brown family mirrors the overlooked emotional and cultural dimensions of migration. By situating the story within the context of children's literature, this paper argues that Paddington Bear functions not only as a tale of whimsical adventure but also as a subtle commentary on Britain's evolving national identity and the quiet resilience of cultural newcomers.

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Paddington Bear, Cultural assimilation, Socio-cultural identity, Migration, Negotiation, Post-war British society, Immigrant narratives,

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Cricket is a multifaceted sport requiring a unique combination of physical, technical, and physiological capabilities that vary according to specific player roles and game formats, which range from prolonged multi-day matches to high intensity Twenty20 games. The dynamic and intermittent nature of cricket imposes diverse physiological demands, with fast bowlers experiencing notably high aerobic and anaerobic stress due to prolonged bowling spells and explosive movements, while batsmen undergo varying intensity efforts involving bursts of activity and mental alertness [1][2]. The significance of physical fitness in cricket has escalated concomitant with the sport's evolving competitiveness and increased match intensity, necessitating targeted conditioning to enhance attributes such as speed, agility, power, and strength, which are critical for optimal on field performance and injury prevention [3][4].

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 Keywords

IMPACT OF RESISTANCE TRAINING AND SAQ TRAINING ON SELECTED PHYSICAL FITNESS VARIABLES AMONG HIGH SCHOOL CRICKETERS

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