Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

The real India lives in her villages where more than two-thirds of India's populations pursue their livelihood. The labour participation rate in rural areas was 56.7 per cent of which women labour participation rate was only 37 per cent in the year 2022-23. Empowering marginalized populations, particularly those living below the poverty line and women, is the primary goal of Indian development efforts since independence. Despite government efforts, rural women, in particular, struggle with limited education, property rights, and resource access. Furthermore, there has been no significant development in the status of women in rural areas. Since 1980, the India's government has promoted Self Help Groups (SHGs) as a strategy of rural development for empowering women and alleviating poverty. The present study aims to explain the role of self help groups to empowering marginalized group of the society specially women. The present study is confined to the Baleswar district in Odisha. The primary objective of the study is to find out correlation between socio-economic variables and level of satisfaction of SHG members.

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 Keywords

Rural Poverty, Self Help Groups, socio-economic development, women empowerment.

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Looking into the dynamics of integral view of life and existence in the poems of Sri Aurobindo Ghose we find that there is a kind of Indianness associated with his poetry. It is interesting to note that he was a versatile genius. Apart from being a poet he was chiefly known as a sage, yogi, philosopher and a true nationalist. He has also edited newspapers like Vande Mataram. Thus, it becomes clear that Sri Aurobindo was not the master of a single trade but he was a versatile genius. He believed that in world nothing is permanent, a man must live a life of simplicity. He considered that all living and non-living things are going through the process of decay. It can be one of the reasons that he himself adopted the simplicity of a sage. According to his ideology we find that old customs and rituals are connected to our roots but they are also not permanent. Old order is replaced by new order and this is the way we can understand the philosophy of life. Sri Aurobindo was a man of moral principles. He knew that the ultimate reality of life was death. He guided people to live a meaningful life. His political agenda was guided through his sense of spirituality. In other word we can also say that he was aware of the consequences of his every action and it can be one of the reasons that he lived a selfless life. People trusted him because he lived for them. His school of thought was deeply buried under the inner consciousness of common man. Thus, it is evident that he was not just a man of moral principles but he represented an ideology. His literary talent has not been touched by early poets and historians. Critics and scholars are of the opinion that in the poems of Sri Aurobindo we can find glimpses of Indianness.

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 Keywords

Indianness, Sage, Principles, Existence, Poetry

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 Abstract

Indira Goswami, an esteemed Assamese novelist, is known for her literary portrayals of the intricate rituals of Hinduism in her novels. Her writings not only vividly depict various socio-economic and religious facets of Assam but also of many other regions. One of her notable works, The Man from Chinnamasta, is set around the ancient Kamakhya Temple of the Shakti cult, dating back over 2,000 years. The narrative unfolds in the 1930s, a significant period marking the final years of British governance in India. The novel explores the intricate connections between religion, animal sacrifice, and masculinity, highlighting how these elements intersect to reinforce power dynamics and social hierarchies. The protagonist, Chinnamasta Jatadhari, struggles with internal conflicts and moral dilemmas, challenging readers to confront the ethical implications of violence in the name of tradition and religion. Goswami's narration sheds light on the marginalization of women and animals within patriarchal societies, prompting reflection on the intersections of power, violence, and belief systems. Through a critical perspective on traditional notions of animal sacrifice, The Man from Chinnamasta offers insights into how these elements shape social structures and perpetuate systems of oppression. This paper aims to uncover how traditional practices shape and influence gender roles, power dynamics, and notions of masculinity by examining the protagonist's journey and the cultural significance of ritual sacrifice in the novel. Through a detailed analysis of Goswami's narration, this study aims to elucidate the complex interplay between tradition, gender, and power in ritual sacrifice, offering insights into these dynamics' cultural and social implications.

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 Keywords

Kamakhya, Masculinity, Marginalization, Oppression, Religion.

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Fluid mechanics and thermal engineering are closely related to each other and some of the most fundamental areas are fluid flow and heat transmission. These two concepts are essential for the comprehension of the performance of fluid movement and heat transfer systems through their role determining one another. Industries of all kinds depend deeply on the fundamentals of fluid flow and heat transfer for the engineering, management, and upgrading of different systems and technologies. One may find the implementation of these principles in the design of aerospace engineering, vehicle manufacturing, power generation, refrigeration and air conditioning, biomedical engineering, chemical sector, petroleum engineering, production processes, and renewable energy systems.

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 Keywords

heat exchanger, Fluid flow, movement of heat, petroleum engineering

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 Abstract

One of the most important fields of applied mathematics and engineering sciences is fluid dynamics and heat transfer. These are the disciplines that are fundamental to the understanding of the transfer of fluid and thermal energy in natural and industrial systems. The fluid motion and temperature changes control the functioning of many engineering components and industrial processes. Thermal-fluid concepts are needed in present day engineering applications like thermal power plants, refrigeration systems, aerospace, automobile cooling systems, biomedical, chemical reactors, renewable energy systems, electronic cooling mechanisms etc. The study of fluid flow and heat transport together assist the engineer to make the systems more efficient, to minimize the losses in energy and to maximize the systems performance. Fluid flow is the movement of fluid (liquid or gas) due to pressure gradients, external forces, gravity, and viscous effects. Heat Transfer is the transfer of heat from a high temperature to a low temperature region. Analysis of fluid motion and thermal transport is often of great importance in most engineering systems as they are coupled. The mathematical modeling of such phenomena is related to the conservation laws for mass, momentum and energy. These laws are expressed in the form of differential equations that are the basis of the theory of thermal-fluid analysis.

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Thermal-Fluid Sciences, Computational Techniques, Thermal Power, Aerospace

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Quantitative structure activity relationship studies of darunavir and their derivatives as HIV-1 protease inhibitors

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Quantitative structure activity relationship studies of darunavir and their derivatives as HIV-1 protease inhibitors

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This paper examines the representation of women in River Sutra by Gita Mehta, focusing on the interconnected themes of suffering and strength. Set against the symbolic backdrop of the Narmada River, the novel presents a series of episodic narratives that reveal the emotional, psychological, and social dimensions of women's lives within a patriarchal framework. The study analyzes how female characters such as the musician's daughter, the ascetic woman, and the courtesan embody diverse experiences of marginalization, isolation, and inner conflict. The paper argues that while these women are subjected to various forms of suffering--emotional neglect, social restriction, and identity crisis--they also demonstrate resilience through endurance, adaptation, and subtle forms of resistance. Unlike overtly rebellious feminist narratives, the novel portrays strength as an internal and often silent process. Drawing upon feminist literary theory, the study highlights how Mehta redefines female agency by presenting women not merely as passive victims but as complex individuals negotiating their identities within restrictive social structures. Furthermore, the river serves as a central metaphor for continuity and resilience, mirroring the enduring spirit of the female characters. The paper concludes that River Sutra offers a nuanced feminist perspective by foregrounding women's inner lives and emphasizing the coexistence of suffering and strength. Through its layered narrative and symbolic depth, the novel contributes significantly to the discourse on gender, identity, and resilience in Indian English literature.

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Feminism, Patriarchy, Female Suffering, Resilience, Identity

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 Abstract

"Bangla Sahitya ebong Samaje Sanskrit Bhasha o Yogacharcha"

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Sanskrit bhasha o yogacharcha, Bangla sahitya o samajer chintadhara, adhyatmikata ebong sanskritik oitijhya, adhyatmik sadhanar gurutva, yogacharcha manusher atmik unnati, noitik shuddhata ebong mon-deher samanjassya protistha,

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Soil algae represent an important component of terrestrial microbial communities and play a significant role in soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem functioning. The present study investigated the diversity and distribution of soil algae in cultivated agricultural soils of Buldhana district, Maharashtra, India. Soil samples were collected from four major agricultural tehsils representing different cropping systems, including sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), soybean (Glycine max), chilli (Capsicum annuum), and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan). Algal isolation was carried out using serial dilution and enrichment techniques on selective culture media such as BG-11, Bold's Basal Medium (BBM), Chu No. 10, COMBO, and WC media. The isolates were identified based on morphological characteristics using standard phycological taxonomic keys. The analysis revealed a diverse algal flora belonging to five major classes: Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Euglenophyceae, and Xanthophyceae. Among these groups, Cyanophyceae represented the most dominant group, followed by Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae, while Euglenophyceae and Xanthophyceae were comparatively less abundant. The occurrence of diverse algal taxa in cultivated soils may be associated with favourable environmental conditions created by agricultural practices such as irrigation, fertilizer application, and organic matter accumulation. Several cyanobacterial genera identified in the study, including Anabaena, Nostoc, and Cylindrospermum, are known to contribute to soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation.

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Soil algae represent an important component of terrestrial microbial communities and play a significant role in soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem functioning. The present study investigated the diversity and distribution of soil algae in cultivated agricultural soils of Buldhana district, Maharashtra, India. Soil samples were collected from four major agricultural tehsils representing different cropping systems, including sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), soybean (Glycine max), ch

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 Abstract

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 Keywords

Chlorpyrifos, Pseudomonas putida, Bioremediation, Organophosphate, pesticides.

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