Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

The growing pressures of climate change, water scarcity, and the need for sustainable agricultural practices have driven significant research into smart irrigation and machine learning-based solutions. Agriculture, as one of the most water-intensive sectors, faces the dual challenge of maximizing crop yields while minimizing resource consumption. Recent advancements in sensor technologies, Internet of Things (IoT) systems, predictive analytics, and atmospheric water harvesting have enabled data-driven approaches to irrigation management, offering precise control over water delivery based on real-time environmental and crop conditions. Machine learning, in particular, has emerged as a transformative tool, enabling accurate predictions of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and rainfall patterns, as well as adaptive decision-making for diverse agricultural contexts.

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 Keywords

Machine Learning, IoT, Agriculture, Smart Irrigation.

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The invasive aquatic plant Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) is a significant ecological challenge affecting freshwater ecosystems globally. This study investigates the impact of water hyacinth infestation on water quality in four lakes within the Dahanu Municipal Area, Maharashtra. Using seasonal water samples collected from December 2024 to March 2025, parameters such as pH, conductivity, and biological oxygen demand (BOD) were analyzed. Results revealed marked differences in water quality correlated with the presence and density of hyacinth cover, with the most heavily infested site showing acidic pH and reduced water quality. The study emphasizes the urgent need for site-specific management strategies, underlining the importance of biological control and integrated environmental planning to mitigate the negative ecological, economic, and social impacts of water hyacinth.

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Eichhornia crassipes. pH, conductivity, and biological oxygen demand

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Decision Tree is the most prominent classification algorithm for supervised machine learning. Various decision tree algorithms, such as J48, Random Tree, LMT, and Random Forest, are applied to the datasets depending on the types of data and the application requirements. This paper presents a comparison analysis of J48, Random Forest, and LMT algorithms based on multiple evaluation parameters. The results demonstrate that J48 consistently outperforms other algorithms in terms of accuracy and robustness, compared to algorithms such as Random Forest and LMT.

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Supervised machine learning, J48, Random Forest, LMT, Classification Algorithm Comparison

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 Abstract

Bhumi Upyog Parivartan aur Gramin Samaj: Alwar Jile ke Sandarbh mein Ek Saiddhantik Vishleshan

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Bhumi Upyog Parivartan aur Gramin Samaj: Alwar Jile ke Sandarbh mein Ek Saiddhantik Vishleshan

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This paper examines India's foreign policy under Prime Minister Narendra Modi from 2014 to 2025, focusing on the dimensions of continuity, change, and strategic transformation. The study analyzes India's relations with neighbouring countries, regional organizations such as SAARC and ASEAN, major global powers including the United States, Russia, and the European Union, and its growing engagement with international institutions and multilateral forums. The research seeks to assess how the Modi government has reshaped India's foreign policy to address emerging geopolitical, economic, and security challenges in an increasingly complex global environment. The study employs a qualitative and analytical methodology based on secondary sources, including government documents, policy reports, academic literature, and international publications. It evaluates key foreign policy initiatives such as the Neighbourhood First Policy, Act East Policy, Indo-Pacific strategy, economic diplomacy, and strategic partnerships. The findings indicate that while India has maintained core principles such as strategic autonomy and national interest, the Modi era has witnessed a more proactive, assertive, and globally engaged foreign policy approach. Enhanced regional outreach, strengthened relations with major powers, increased participation in global governance, and a greater emphasis on economic and security cooperation have emerged as defining features of this period. The paper concludes that India's foreign policy under Narendra Modi represents a significant strategic transformation that has strengthened the country's position as an influential regional and global actor, while also presenting new opportunities and challenges for future policymakers.

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Narendra Modi, Foreign Policy, SAARC, ASEAN, Global Power

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This study examines the growing influence of digital journalism and mobile-based news consumption among rural youth in Andhra Pradesh. The research focuses on how smartphones, social media platforms, and mobile news applications have transformed news access patterns. A survey method was used among 120 rural youth respondents from selected villages in Andhra Pradesh. The findings reveal that mobile phones have become the primary source of news consumption, while social media significantly influences political awareness and public opinion. The study concludes that digital journalism has expanded information accessibility but also increased exposure to misinformation.

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Digital Journalism, Mobile Journalism, Rural Youth, Social Media, Andhra Pradesh, News Consumption

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The E-Gram Vishwagram Yojana, initiated by the Gujarat government, represents a pioneering effort to digitize rural administration, thereby revolutionizing the delivery of public services in Gujarat's villages. This study examines the programme's implementation and its socio-economic impact on rural communities. By establishing E-Gram centres equipped with high-speed internet and trained personnel, the initiative aims to enhance transparency, efficiency, and inclusivity in governance. The research highlights significant improvements in access to government services, digital literacy, and economic opportunities among villagers. It identifies challenges such as infrastructure maintenance and digital divides, offering recommendations for sustainable development. This paper underscores the transformative potential of digital governance in bridging the urban-rural gap and fostering holistic rural development. The E-Gram Vishwagram Yojana serves as a model for other regions aiming to leverage technology for rural empowerment.

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E-Governance, Digital Empowerment, Rural Development, Public Service Delivery, Digital Inclusion

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Quadratic programming (QP) is one of the most widely used nonlinear optimization methods of operational research, in which a decision-making procedure for the quadratic objective function is constrained by linear equalities and inequalities (Harold W. Kuhn, & Albert W. Tucker, 1951). The quadratic programming model is capable of handling the interaction and curvature among other decision variables and has a broader scope of practical applications, like modeling of different complex engineering financial industrial and computational systems. It brings a realistic and optimal solution to many cost risk profit and resource allocation problems where the interactions may not easily be specified by a linear function of variables, which makes it a powerful optimization and strategic planning tool.

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Quadratic Programming, Optimization, Operations Research, Convex Optimization, Nonlinear Programming, Decision Science, Karush-Kuhn-Tucker Conditions, Mathematical Modeling, Computational Optimization

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Looking into the dynamics of Modern Fiction we find that it is one of the most valued essays of Virginia Woolf. On April 10, 1919 it was published as Modern Novels in The Times Literary Supplement. It was again revised and printed as Modern Fiction in The Common Reader in 1925. In contemporary writing, this essay is like a manifesto; in it varied themes and techniques that do not exist in the traditional and conventional writing of fiction. Therefore, it could be considered to have defied the norms of literary fiction. This essay occupies a prominent role in the history of literature for having defined a visionary approach and conception of fiction in the modern period. Literature has gone through various changing during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. In modern period, writers such as Virginia Woolf and James Joyce have openly defied the linear plot structure and predictable characters and traditional narrative. The present essay entitled Modern Fiction provides fresh insights to modern writers and it can be one of the reasons that it gave immense popularity to Virginia Woolf. Critics and scholars are of the opinion that this essay was a response to traditional literary landscape which failed to capture the complexities of human behaviour. Virginia Woolf has tried hard to redefine the genre of fiction by following experimental and introspective form of writing. It is interesting to note that Modern Fiction also changed the perception of readers and they understood that a true fiction can project the complexities of human behaviour. A good fiction must project the intricacies of life and it can be one of the reasons that a linear and chronological method of storytelling was questioned by Virginia Woolf. She has stated that nothing is fixed in life and thus, there must not be any prejudices in fiction. The subjectivity of human consciousness has been well expressed in the essay Modern Fiction.

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Fiction, Traditional, Plot, Significant, landscape, popularity

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From the mathematical point of view the described laminar boundary layer flow has become one of the most fundamental problems of the fluid mechanics and applied mathematics because of its broad application to various engineering and industrial problems (Schlichting & Gersten, 2017). Basic boundary layer theory established the basis for manipulating the fully developed flow in the vicinity of any solid surface effectively where the viscosity dominates and the velocity profiles are established. It has traditionally been applied to analyses the drag forces, heat transfer and flow stability within many engineering systems. Commonly the fluid flows occur in the presence of magneto hydrodynamic influences due to the applied external magnetic field (Cramer & Pai, 1973).

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 Keywords

Laminar Flow, Boundary Layer, Mathematical Modelling, Magneto hydrodynamics, Magnetic Field, Fluid Mechanics, Thermal Transport, Similarity Transformation, Viscous Flow, Applied Mathematics

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