Volume 13 | Issue 10 |

 Abstract

Clarithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic used for respiratory and Helicobacter pylori infections, exhibits poor acid stability, short half-life, and variable bioavailability, leading to frequent dosing and poor patient compliance. This study aimed to develop extended-release mucoadhesive granules of clarithromycin using spray-drying technology to enhance gastric retention and sustain drug release. Formulations were prepared with mucoadhesive and controlled-release polymers including Carbopol 971P, HPMC, HPC, and polyethylene oxide. The granules were evaluated for micromeritic properties, drug content, swelling index, mucoadhesive strength, and in vitro release behavior. Polymer composition significantly affected release kinetics and adhesion characteristics. The optimized formulation exhibited sustained release following zero-order and Higuchi models, along with strong mucoadhesive properties ensuring prolonged gastric residence. Comparative evaluation with a marketed extended-release product confirmed therapeutic equivalence, indicating clinical relevance. The developed spray-dried mucoadhesive granules provide a promising, scalable approach to overcome limitations of conventional clarithromycin therapy, improving compliance and reducing dosing frequency

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Clarithromycin, Carbopol 971P, Mucoadhesive granules

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Custodial violence is one of the most persistent and disturbing issues to the rule of law, safeguarding human rights, and the sanctity of constitutional governance. The issue of torture, deaths, and abuse within the confines of custody still occurs even with constitutional protections, statutory bans, and judicial policies, to demonstrate how weak the state accountability systems remain. This paper gives a comparative law study on the issue of custodial violence and state responsibility in the United States and India, two democracies that, though having different constitutional traditions, share similarities of individual rights and due process. Using constitutional provisions, statutory frameworks and case law leading judicial precedents, the paper will explore how each jurisdiction conceptualises and applies state responsibility to custodial abuse. It also determines the efficiency of domestic remedy, checks and balances on compliance with international human rights duties through instruments like the United Nations Convention against Torture. The study provides systemic deficits, institutional cultures and enforcement asymmetries as the drivers of impunity through doctrinal, comparative and empirical lenses. The paper is concluded by recommendations on legal and policy changes that can be made to increase accountability, promote transparency and make custodial environments indicative of democratic principles of dignity, justice and inviolability of human life.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

State responsibility, Custodial violence, Comparative legal analysis, Human rights, Police accountability, Constitutional law, Torture prevention, Rule of law.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Mouth dissolving tablets are those tablets which when placed in mouth get dissolved rapidly in saliva without the need of liquid and can be swallowed. Conventional dosage form such as tablets and capsules are the most popular among all dosage forms existing today because of its convenience of self adminstration, compactness and easy manufacturing. To overcome these problems, mouth dissolving tablets have been developed, which having a good hardness, dose uniformity, easy administration and serves as a first choice of dosage forms for pediatrics, geriatrics and travelling patients. Some tablets are designed to dissolve in saliva remarkably fast,within a few seconds,and are true fast dissolving tablets. This tablets format is designed to allow adminstration of an oral solid dose form in absence of water or fluid intake.Such tablet readily dissolve or disintegrate in saliva generally within < 60 seconds.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

pholorogucinol, mouth dissolving tablets,cosolvents, experimental design, disintegrate, fast dissolving traditional dosage form.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Information technology has facilitated preservation of the documents, i.e. digital preservation. Institutional repositories are becoming responsible for scholarly content in new ways. This paper highlights some of the initiatives taken in Vasant Rao Naik College for the digital preservation of Rare Book. The article offers suggestions for how your library might best preserve local content.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Digital Preservation, Institutional Repository, Digital Library, Open Source, D-Space.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The objective of this paper is to study and find out the difference between aggression and psychological hardiness among 200 school students of Barnala district. Aggression Inventory by Sultania (2006) and Psychological Hardiness Scale by Singh (2011) were used. Descriptive statistics and t-test were employed. The results of the study showed that there is no significant gender and locale difference among school students on aggression. The results of the study also depicted that there is no significant gender and locale difference among school students on psychological hardiness. Moreover, there was a positive and significant relationship between aggression and psychological hardiness of school students.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Aggression, Psychological Hardiness and School Students

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Thiruvalluvar's social philosophy, as articulated in the "Thirukkural", is characterized by its advocacy for universal human dignity, compassion and social justice, which remain profoundly relevant in contemporary society. The "Thirukkural" promotes ethical values such as equality, charity, non-violence and co-operation, urging individuals and rulers alike to act with responsibility toward the common good. Thiruvalluvar strongly denounces structural inequalities such as caste discrimination and upholds merit and virtue as superior to birth, emphasizing an inclusive social vision where everyone is given equal opportunities. His call for ethical leadership, integrity and fairness in governance resonates with modern demands for transparency and moral accountability in public administration. Furthermore, Thiruvalluvar's focus on self-control, family values and mutual respect within social relationships provides a timeless framework for nurturing social harmony and personal well-being. He extends the principle of compassion to all sentient beings, anticipating contemporary concerns such as environmental ethics and humanitarianism. The "Thirukkural"'s pragmatic yet ideal approach centered on virtue (Aram), material prosperity (Porul) and enjoyment (Inbam) grounds moral philosophy in wordly existence, making it universally applicable across cultures and eras. In today's world of increasing social fragmentation, environmental crises and rising inequality, Thiruvalluvar's teachings on justice, co-operation and the welfare of the marginalized offer valuable ethical guidance for building inclusive, resilient and peaceful communities. His wisdom continues to inspire global audiences and affirm the enduring relevance of ancient ethical thought in addressing modern social challenges.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Thiruvalluvar, "Thirukkural", social philosophy, justice, compassion, governance, equality, virtue.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Geographical Indications (GIs) serve as pivotal tool in identifying goods originating from specific regions, reflecting the unique qualities, reputation, or characteristics attributable to that origin. While the World Trade Organisation's (WTO) agreement on Trade-Related Aspect of Intellectual Property Right (TRIPS) provides a foundational framework for GI protection, its application predominantly favor's agricultural products. Historically, GI protection has focused agriculture products and foodstuffs (wine, cheese, tea, rice) but many non-agricultural goods (handicrafts, textiles, ceramics, metalware, industrial design-linked products) also prosses qualities intimately tied to place of origin and local known knowledge. This paper tries to examines the doctrinal footing of GI protection under TRIPS, analyses key disputes and national practices (with emphasis on WTO disputes and notable national/regional developments), evaluates doctrinal and practical obstacles to expanding heightened protection to non-agriculture products, and proposes legal and policy pathways for expanding protection while balancing trademark and trade interests.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

GI, WTO, Protection, Non agricultural products

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) on maternal and neonatal parameters among postnatal mothers of preterm babies admitted to the NICU at SVRR Government General Hospital, Tirupati. A pre-experimental, one-group pre-test post-test design was used. Data were collected from 50 postnatal mothers using a non-probability convenient sampling technique. Maternal parameters such as uterine height, lactation, blood pressure, stress, pain, and breastfeeding attachment were analyzed, along with neonatal parameters like weight gain, vital signs, feeding pattern, and bonding. The findings indicated significant improvement in maternal and neonatal outcomes after four days of KMC, with statistical significance at p<0.05 and p<0.01 levels. The study concluded that KMC is an effective, low-cost nursing intervention that improves both maternal and neonatal parameters and enhances bonding.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Kangaroo Mother Care, Neonatal Parameters, Maternal Parameters, Preterm Infants, Nursing Intervention

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The criminalization of marital rape remains one of the most crucial yet unresolved aspects of gender justice in contemporary legal discourse. While many developed nations have taken definitive steps to recognize non-consensual sexual acts within marriage as a serious offence, India continues to uphold the marital exemption under Exception 2 of Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code. This exemption, which implies perpetual consent by a wife to sexual intercourse with her husband, stands in stark contrast to constitutional principles of equality, dignity, and personal liberty. This research paper provides a comprehensive examination of the evolution of marital rape laws, focusing on the Indian context and comparing it with legal developments in countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, and select European jurisdictions. The study employs a doctrinal and analytical methodology, drawing on statutory provisions, judicial decisions, and international human rights instruments such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). It investigates how developed nations have moved away from patriarchal doctrines of implied consent and embraced consent-based sexual offence laws that safeguard individual autonomy within marriage. The analysis also highlights the socio-cultural barriers, evidentiary challenges, and institutional resistance that have hindered reform efforts in India. The paper concludes that the non-recognition of marital rape as a criminal offence in India not only perpetuates gender inequality but also undermines the State's obligation to protect women from violence in all spheres of life . It argues for the urgent repeal of the marital rape exemption, adoption of a consent-centric legal framework, and implementation of survivor-sensitive policies and support mechanisms. Ultimately, criminalizing marital rape is not merely a legislative reform but a necessary step toward fulfilling India's constitutional promises and aligning its legal system with international standards of justice, equality, and human rights.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Marital Rape

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Aloe vera, scientifically known as Aloe barbadensis, has a rich history based on scientific studies. The plant's numerous chemical compounds have been investigated for their possible health advantages ( Sonawane et al., 2020). Scientists discovered that aloe vera's leaves contain a gel-like substance rich in bioactive substances like polysaccharides, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. These components help the plant's medicinal qualities. According to research, aloe vera gel possesses anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and wound-healing qualities. It has also been used in Ayurveda as an appetite stimulant and purgative, as well as to treat coughs, colds, piles, debility, dyspnea, asthma, and jaundice (Priyanka Sharma et al., 2014).). Raw "gel" resembles colorless gelatin with hair-like connective matrices and is also known as juice (Baby Joseph and S.Justin Raj,2010). Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) was utilized for its bioactive polysaccharides, vitamins, and antioxidant compounds, while honey served as a natural sweetener and preservative, contributing phenolic compounds and antimicrobial activity. Different concentrations of Aloe vera gel (10-40%) were blended with honey to determine an optimal formulation based on palatability, stability, and nutrient retention. Physicochemical parameters including pH, total soluble solids (TSS), viscosity, and antioxidant activity (DPPH assay) were analyzed, alongside microbial and sensory evaluations using a semi-trained child panel. The optimized formulation (Aloe vera 25% : honey 75%) exhibited favorable pH stability, enhanced antioxidant capacity, and high sensory scores for taste, aroma, and color. The product demonstrated extended shelf life and maintained microbial safety under refrigerated storage for 30 days. These results indicate that Aloe vera fortified with honey represents a promising functional food product for children, combining therapeutic benefits with natural sweetness and consumer acceptability. Further studies are recommended to assess bioavailability and long-term health impacts in pediatric populations. Aloe vera Latex (Aloin, a bitter-tasting purgative that is harmful to healthy tissue and cells) is derived from specialized cells called pericyclictubules found just beneath the epidermis or rind of the leaves (V. K. CHANDEGARA and A. K. VARSHNEY 2013).

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

FORTIFICATION OF HONEY BY ADDING ALOE VERA GEL AND OPTIMIZE IT

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition