Volume 13 | Issue 10 |

 Abstract

Landslides are a significant natural hazard in mountainous regions, posing threats to human life, infrastructure, and the environment. Traditional Landslide detection methods often rely on manual observations and post-event analysis, which are insufficient for real-time alerts. The Landslide Sentinel system addresses this gap by offering a real-time, automated, auditory and visual alert mechanism using a combination of Impact sub-sensors, Gyroscope sub-sensors, Proximity Ultrasonic sub-sensors, Navigation trackers and IoT technology.

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Impact sub-sensors, Resistive heating, Gyroscope sub-sensors, Proximity Ultrasound sub-sensors and NavIC Trackers

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Abstract :- Nepal's Political Evaluation is a remarkable narrative of transformation, resilience, and democratic experimentation. From an entrenched monarchy that centralized political power for more than two centuries to a participatory democratic republic, the nation's history mirrors the broader South Asian Struggle for political modernism and civic empowerment. The monarchy under the Shah and Rana regimes Symbolized a hierarchical governance structure that resisted reform, but successive popular movements particularly the people's Movements of 1990 and 2006 - Served as defining milestones that redefined Nepal's Socio - Political landscape. The abolition of the monarchy in 2008 was not merely a structural shift ; it marked a psychological rupture between traditional legitimacy and popular sovereignty. However, the optimism of a democratic republic has been tempered by Persistent political instability, corruption and elite capture of the state apparatus. In this context, the emergence of Generation Z as a Political actor has reinvigorated Nepal 's democratic imagination. These digitally aware and globally connected youths have used social media, protest culture, and civic networks to demand transparency consciousness that transcands traditional party politics. Thus, this research evaluates Nepal's Political trajectory from monarchism to Gen Z - led protests as an evolving continuum of democratic engagement - where the youth redefine citizenship, leadership, and collective action in twenty - first - century Nepal.

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 Keywords

Keywords :- Nepal, Monarchy, Democracy, Political Transformation, Generation Z, Youth Activism, Governance, Protest Movements, Political Transition, Federalism.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract: A data stream represents a continuous, real-time, and ordered sequence of data items that arrive at high velocity from dynamic sources such as network traffic, sensor outputs, financial transactions, and call centre logs. Unlike traditional data mining, which deals with static and finite datasets, data stream mining involves extracting meaningful knowledge structures from unbounded and rapidly evolving data. The major challenge lies in handling the volume, velocity, and variability of continuous data streams while maintaining computational efficiency and limited memory usage. To address these challenges, several algorithms have been developed for mining frequent item sets in streaming environments, including Apriori, Partition, Pincer-Search, FP-Growth, Dynamic Itemset Counting, ECLAT (Equivalent Class Clustering and Bottom-Up Lattice Traversal), and RARM (Rapid Association Rule Mining). Among these, the ECLAT algorithm employs a vertical data format for efficient frequent pattern discovery, whereas RARM utilizes a tree-based structure to represent transactions for rapid rule generation and minimal database scans. This study presents a comparative experimental analysis of ECLAT and RARM algorithms for mining frequent item sets in data streams. The experimental results demonstrate that RARM outperforms ECLAT in terms of execution time, scalability, and memory efficiency, making it a more competent choice for high-speed streaming data environments. The findings highlight the potential of adaptive algorithms like RARM for real-time analytics, paving the way for future integration with Machine Learning-based stream mining models to enhance predictive accuracy and intelligent decision-making in Big Data applications.

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 Keywords

Keywords - data streams; frequent pattern; mining; performance, RARM Algorithm; ECLAT Algorithm

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Learning Management System (LMS) already plays a crucial role in redefining the future of today's student where they are technology savvy. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is another jargon which is taking the world at a good pace in almost all the fields in recent years. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools into Learning Management Systems (LMS) is transforming the students of higher educational institute students by enhancing their quality, accessibility, and efficiency of learning. The benefits are such as individualized learning tracks, instant feedback, intelligent tutoring and predictive analytics. This study highlights the transformative impact of AI on LMS environments and highlights the strengths, barriers and ethical issues associated with its adoption in higher educational institute.

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Learning Management System, Artificial Intelligence, Educational technology

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A transdermal patch is a transdermal delivery method that can solve issues with oral medication administration and other traditional drug administration methods. Compared to oral administration, patches can offer controlled drug release and have benefits like avoiding first- pass metabolism, improving drug bioavailability, preventing gastrointestinal (GI) tract side effects, reducing patient variability, keeping a constant drug in plasma, and producing a stable therapeutic effect. The historical development, justification, and mechanism of drug absorption by transdermal patches--passive diffusion over the stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis-- are covered in this article. Numerous patch kinds are investigated, such as drug-in-adhesive systems, reservoir, and matrix. Drugs with low molecular weight, lipophilicity, and high potency are ideal for TDDS, whereas patches need biocompatible polymers and strong adherence. Although transdermal systems provide benefits like regulated dosage and fewer adverse effects, they can have drawbacks including skin irritation and poor drug permeability. Clinically effective drugs include fentanyl patches, nitroglycerin, and nicotine. Nanotechnology-enabled patches, iontophoresis, and microneedles are potential future developments.

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Transdermal drug delivery, Transdermal patches, Controlled release, Skin permeability.

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Folktale and folklore are one of the most important elements among the Tripuri community of Tripura that brings old and new generation together through the narration of folktale. This article will mainly focus on Kokborok folktale of Tripura and know about the culture heritage and norms reading through the selected folktales of Tripura. Folktale is an oral tradition which serves as preserving culture and heritage. It displays the society and societal norms and practices, simple lifestyle of Tripuri people who goes to Jhum, houses like Gairing Nok (houses made of bamboo), their belief and connection with gods and deities, rituals and customs etc. There are different types of folktales and folklore one of each having moral lessons.

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Folktale, Culture and Heritage, Tripuri community, societal norms, cultural belief.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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"This paper contributes to the literature by proposing an AI-driven framework for real-time threat detection that combines machine learning and deep learning techniques. It systematically evaluates multiple AI algorithms, incorporates IoT network traffic analysis, and demonstrates improved detection accuracy, reduced false positives, and faster response times. This research bridges the gap between traditional rule-based systems and adaptive AI models, providing a practical solution for modern cybersecurity challenges."

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AI-driven framework

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Abstract: Section 515A of the Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888, introduced through the 2012 amendment, restricts the jurisdiction of civil courts in matters relating to demolition and removal of unauthorized constructions under Sections 351 and 354A. The purpose of this statutory bar is to prevent delays caused by civil suits and injunctions that obstruct municipal enforcement. While the amendment strengthens administrative efficiency, judicial interpretations particularly from the Bombay High Court have emphasized that such efficiency must coexist with procedural fairness. Courts have recognized the validity of the jurisdictional bar but have insisted on compliance with principles of natural justice, including the right to notice and a reasoned order. This paper explores the legislative rationale, judicial treatment, and procedural implications of Section 515A, examining how the provision attempts to balance municipal autonomy with individual rights in cases of demolition of unauthorized structures. The analysis highlights how the judiciary has balanced public interest with individual justice, making Section 515A a pivotal and evolving area of municipal law.

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Section 515A, MMC Act, Unauthorized Construction, Jurisdictional Bar, Designated Officer, Urban Governance

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no

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Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs), a novel class of carbon-based nanomaterials with sizes below 10 nm, have emerged as promising candidates in nanoscience due to their exceptional photoluminescence, chemical stability, tunable surface functionalities, and biocompatibility. Traditional synthetic approaches for CQDs often involve harsh chemicals and energy-intensive processes, raising environmental and safety concerns. In contrast, green synthesis methods utilizing renewable biomass and eco-friendly precursors have gained significant attention for producing CQDs in a sustainable, cost-effective, and scalable manner. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of green-synthesized CQDs, focusing on their synthesis strategies, structural and optical characterization, and their dual functional roles in photocatalytic and biomedical applications. The methodological approach encompasses the selection of natural carbon sources such as fruit peels, plant extracts, and agricultural residues, followed by synthesis through hydrothermal, microwave-assisted, and pyrolytic techniques. Advanced characterization tools, including TEM, FTIR, XRD, UV-Vis, and photoluminescence spectroscopy, are employed to evaluate morphological, structural, and optical properties. The photocatalytic performance of green CQDs is assessed through degradation of organic pollutants and water-splitting reactions, while biomedical evaluations involve cytotoxicity assays, fluorescence bioimaging, and drug delivery studies. Findings demonstrate that green-synthesized CQDs exhibit superior quantum yields, excellent biocompatibility, and enhanced photocatalytic activity compared to their chemically synthesized counterparts. The implications of this research extend beyond fundamental nanoscience, highlighting the potential of sustainable nanochemistry in addressing environmental remediation challenges and advancing biomedical innovations. This study underscores green-synthesized CQDs as a versatile and eco-friendly nanomaterial platform, bridging the gap between environmental sustainability and advanced nanotechnological applications.

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 Keywords

Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs); Green Synthesis; Photocatalysis; Biomedical Applications; Sustainable Nanochemistry; Bioimaging; Drug Delivery; Nanomaterials

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