Volume 13 | Issue 10 |

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Primary education is the foundation of human development, shaping a child's intellectual, emotional, and cultural identity. In Bengal, where the Bengali language is central to thought and communication, the quality of primary education in the mother tongue has immense importance. This paper explores the current state of Bengali education at the primary level, analyzing the key factors that influence learning outcomes such as curriculum design, teacher training, teaching methods, parental involvement, and the socio-economic environment. The study further examines government initiatives, the impact of modern technologies, and the challenges that continue to hinder progress. It concludes with a holistic discussion on how to strengthen Bengali primary education through inclusive, creative, and culturally grounded reforms that ensure both equity and excellence in early learning.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Bengali education, primary level, teacher training, literacy, curriculum reform, NEP 2020, language learning.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Evolution, ironic to its meaning, remains constant. It is a part of life, that leads to development. The world has witnessed numerous evolutions in every sphere from nature's creations of humans to artificial creations, made by evolving humans. One such significant evolution of a human made product which has created a buzz around the world is an autonomous vehicle. This article attempts to view the legal implications of autonomous vehicles in few of the other countries and suggest what could be adopted from them to draft laws to govern self-driven vehicles in India and combat the legal challenges.

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Fresh; Insightful; Practical; Thorough; Creative

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The Mediation Act, 2023 ("the Act") represents a landmark step in India's legal reform agenda, aiming to institutionalize mediation as a credible and enforceable mode of alternative dispute resolution (ADR). It consolidates the fragmented legal framework on mediation, ensures the enforceability of Mediated Settlement Agreements (MSAs), and establishes the Mediation Council of India (MCI) as a regulatory and developmental authority. Globally, mediation is recognized for being cost-effective, confidential, and time-efficient. In India, however, mediation had remained underutilized due to the absence of statutory backing, limited public awareness, and deep-rooted cultural hierarchies that favor adjudicatory authority. By introducing a comprehensive framework, the Act enhances access to justice, reduces court pendency, and aligns India with international ADR trends. Yet, challenges persist; notably, the exclusion of provisions relating to the Singapore Convention on Mediation, unresolved questions regarding confidentiality exceptions, and limited clarity on mediator conduct and training. The Act's success ultimately depends on its ability to integrate legal, cultural, and institutional dimensions, thereby creating a robust ecosystem that balances party autonomy with the need for regulatory oversight.

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Mediation Act 2023; Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR); Access to Justice; Mediation Council of India (MCI); Mediated Settlement Agreement (MSA); Court Pendency; Evaluative-Facilitative Hybrid Model; Legal Framework of Mediation in India; Cultural Context of Mediation; Singapore Convention on Mediation; Institutional Mediation; Conflict Resolution; Legal Reform; Party Autonomy; Confidentiality in Mediation; International Commercial Mediation; Dispute Resolution Mechanisms; Legal Literacy; Pre-

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An extremely uncommon and severe type of abdominal ectopic pregnancy is called hepatic pregnancy, in which the embryo implants and grows on the liver's surface or inside its parenchyma. With fewer than 100 cases documented in the literature globally, hepatic pregnancies make up a very small percentage of all abdominal pregnancies and represent one of the rarest implantation sites in ectopic gestation. Due to the condition's uncommon clinical appearance and rarity, early identification is extremely challenging, frequently leading to delayed recognition and treatment, which can have potentially fatal outcomes for the mother. Nonspecific symptoms such right upper quadrant stomach pain, shoulder tip pain, gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, or indications of internal bleeding--especially in situations of rupture--may be present in patients with hepatic pregnancy. These symptoms are frequently deceptive and do not immediately trigger suspicion of ectopic gestation, in contrast to tubal ectopic pregnancies. Furthermore, because of the liver's abundant arterial supply, hepatic pregnancies may progress farther into gestation than other ectopic kinds, raising the possibility of catastrophic hemorrhage. Imaging modalities have a major role in diagnosis. Hepatic implantation sites are frequently overlooked because of their location, even though transvaginal ultrasonography is still the first-line method for assessing suspected ectopic pregnancies. Doppler tests, abdominal ultrasonography, and particularly computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans are essential for pinpointing the precise location of implantation and assessing the degree of placental invasion into hepatic tissue. Hepatic pregnancy management is quite complicated and unique to each patient. Frequently, surgery is required, which may involve a laparotomy in which the gestational tissue is removed. Hepatic resection, hepatic vascular ligation, or preoperative embolization may be necessary in some circumstances to stop bleeding. In certain situations, either as a supplement to surgery or in situations where surgery has significant dangers, the chemotherapeutic drug methotrexate has been used to cause trophoblastic regression. However, a multidisciplinary team of obstetricians, general surgeons, hepatobiliary specialists, and interventional radiologists must carefully arrange treatment techniques. Hepatic pregnancy still carries a high risk of maternal morbidity and death, even with improvements in surgical and diagnostic imaging methods. Improving results requires prompt diagnosis, careful preoperative planning, and all-encompassing supportive care.

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Hepatic Pregnancy, Ectopic Pregnancy, Abdominal Pregnancy, Primary Hepatic Ectopic Pregnancy, Liver Implantation, Maternal Morbidity, Hemorrhage, Ultrasound

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This research article aims to analyze the life, political philosophy, and public service perspective of Yeddula Eswara Reddy, a distinguished figure in the political history of Andhra Pradesh. Representing the Kadapa constituency of Kadapa district, he actively participated in the state's developmental programs. The study examines his contributions toward equality, social justice, and the preservation of democratic values through his political journey. His close connection with the people, commitment to rural development, and dedication to party principles established him as an ideal public leader. The article seeks to explore the influence of his political legacy on regional politics, the values of democratic leadership, and the inspiration he provided for contemporary political thought.

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Yeddula Eswara Reddy, Communist, Leadership, Governance, Democratic

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सोयाबीन हे एक महत्त्वाचे व्यावसायिक तेलबिया पीक आहे. अधिक पौष्टिकता, कमी कालावधीत पीक घेण्याची सापी पद्धत व बाजारात मिळणारा चांगला भाव व जमीन व हवामानाची अनुकुलता यामुळे अभ्यास क्षेत्रात शेतकरी सोयाबीन पीक तालुक्या-निहाय घेत आहेत. म्हणून प्रस्तुत शोध निबंधात जिल्ह्यातील सन २०२०-२१ ते २०२३-२४ या काळात तालुका-निहाय सोयाबीन पिकाखालील क्षेत्र व उत्पादनाचा आढावा घेऊन या पिकाखालील क्षेत्र व उत्पादनात झालेला बदल यांचा अभ्यास करण्याचा प्रयत्न केला आहे.

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कृषी, क्षेत्र, सोयाबीन पिक, उत्पादन, बदल.

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Abstract: Today is the very important topic on the debate of the implementation of a Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in India which has been a very awaiting and controversial question, which reflects diverse perspectives, interests, and concerns. In this research paper we are highlighting about an in-depth analysis of the challenges, prospects, and stakeholder perspectives related to the Uniform Civil Code in India. This paper starts with an overview of the concept of what is Uniform Civil Code? And its intention in promoting gender equality, secularism, and social justice. In this context of the UCC in India, many debates arise during framing this in Indian Constitution and the successive legislative and judicial efforts towards its implementation. Referring on a review of academic literature, research studies, government reports, legal documents, and media sources, the paper pioneers the potential benefits and disadvantages of implementing a Uniform Civil Code. It examines the legal, political, social, and cultural challenges involved in enforcing legal reforms in a diverse and naturalistic society like India. This paper discusses strategies for concurrences building and stakeholder involvement, stressing the importance of inclusive dialogue, education, advisory processes, and political leadership in gaining the cause of legal reform. It interrogates the role of the judiciary, civil society organizations and political actors in shaping the exchange and lobbying public opinion on the UCC. It discusses the current condition, on-going initiatives, latest developments, and future outlooks for advancing the UCC agenda in India.

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Key Words: Uniform Civil Code, Implementation, Challenges, Perspectives and India

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Agility, SAQ Training, Interval Training, Sand Training and Football Players

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The vision of Viksit Bharat 2047 emphasizes the creation of a prosperous, inclusive, and globally competitive India through innovation, entrepreneurship, sustainability, and self-reliance. Start-ups, supported by Atal Incubation Centres, are emerging as dynamic engines of growth by generating employment, fostering creativity, and building a knowledge-driven economy. These centres not only provide mentoring and resources but also cultivate an ecosystem where innovative ideas can be translated into scalable solutions for national development. Simultaneously, initiatives such as the Smart Cities Mission are reshaping urban landscapes with technology-enabled governance, sustainable infrastructure, and improved quality of life, ensuring cities act as hubs of growth and innovation. Complementing this, the Digital India Mission is bridging the digital divide, promoting e-governance, and empowering citizens through accessible technology. The Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat Mission reinforce economic self-reliance by encouraging indigenous manufacturing, attracting investments, and strengthening India's position in global value chains. On the other hand, the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan contributes to health, sanitation, and environmental well-being, forming the foundation for a healthier and more productive society. Innovation stands as the unifying thread across these initiatives, ensuring synergy and long-term impact. Together, these programs reflect a comprehensive development model where economic progress, technological empowerment, environmental sustainability, and social inclusion converge. Their integrated implementation is crucial in achieving the goals of Viksit Bharat, paving the way for India to transform into a self-reliant, technologically advanced, and globally respected nation by 2047.

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Viksit Bharat 2047, Innovation and Start-ups, Digital India Mission, Atmanirbhar Bharat, Sustainable Development etc.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition