Volume 13 | Issue 10 |

 Abstract

As supplemental treatments for cardiovascular illness, herbal cardioprotective substances including terminalia arjuna (Arjuna) and Crataegus spp. (Hawthorn) have drawn more and more scientific interest. Rich in triterpenoids, flavonoids, and tannins, arjuna has long been used to treat angina and ischemic heart disease because of its antioxidant, anti-ischemic, lipid-modulating, and myocardial-protective properties. Stronger data from standardized extract studies suggests that hawthorn includes flavonoids and oligomeric procyanidins that improve endothelial function, increase exercise tolerance , and include vasodilation in mild-to-moderate chronic heart failure .The dearth of large head-to-head randomized studies, preparation variation and inadequate long-term safety data remain significant constraints, despite the fact that both botanicals are generally well tolerated and have potential complimentary processes, suggesting synergistic application in cardiovascular therapy. All things considered, Arjun and hawthorn are potential phytotherapeutic agents that need more systematic, extensive clinical research to confirm their safety, effectiveness, and ideal combination for use in contemporary cardiovascular care

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Terminalia arjuna; Hawthorn; Cardiovascular health; Antioxidant activity; Synergistic therapy; Triterpenoids, Flavonoids, Phytotherapy, Ischemic Heart Disease, Endothelial Function, Anti-inflammatory action, Polyphenols.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This article traces the origin and evolution of tea cultivation from the colonial expansion to the current scenario. With archival and government records and secondary sources, it highlights Wayanad with its agricultural-climatic condition, migrant labour system, and exploitation of labourers. This paper focuses on significant estates of Wayanad and its current challenges. Ultimately this article asserts that Wayanad tea plantations are not only economic development but also social and cultural adaptations ignited by colonialism.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Tea plantations, colonialism, Wayanad, labourers, government boards.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Email communication is a critical component of modern professional and personal interactions, yet it remains one of the most exploited channels for cyberattacks such as phishing, malware infiltration, and social engineering. Conventional spam filters, operating primarily at the user device level, often fail to provide proactive defense and adaptive learning, resulting in exposure to malicious emails and compromised data security. This project presents the design and development of Sentinel - a Gateway-Level Intelligent Email Security System, capable of real-time analysis and classification of incoming emails using Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Machine Learning (ML) models. The system integrates an AI-based filtering engine with a secure web gateway, ensuring that malicious emails are quarantined before they reach the user's inbox. Continuous data feedback from users is analyzed by a retraining module, enabling adaptive improvement of the classifier's precision. The framework also includes a web-based dashboard and cloud connectivity for centralized monitoring, feedback visualization, and scalable deployment across enterprises and individuals.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Email Security, Spam Filtering, Phishing Detection, Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing (NLP), AI-Driven Cybersecurity, Feedback Learning System, Secure Email Gateway, Real-Time Threat Classification, Cloud-Based Monitoring, Intelligent Filtering, and Proactive Network Defense.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Background: Gridhrasi (Sciatica) is a prevalent condition marked by pain, numbness, and functional limitation along the sciatic nerve, impacting daily activities. Ayurveda offers targeted therapies such as Agnikarma (therapeutic cauterization) and Siravyadhana (therapeutic venesection), often combined with oral formulations like Trayodashanga Guggulu. Objective: To evaluate and compare the clinical efficacy of Agnikarma with Tamra Shalaka versus Siravyadhana, both alongside Trayodashanga Guggulu, in the management of Gridhrasi. Methods: In this randomized comparative clinical trial, 48 patients diagnosed with Gridhrasi were equally allocated into two groups. Group A received Agnikarma with Tamra Shalaka plus Trayodashanga Guggulu, while Group B received Siravyadhana with Trayodashanga Guggulu. Treatment outcomes were assessed using subjective parameters (Ruk, Sthamba, Toda, Gaurava) and objective parameters (SLR) at baseline and post-treatment. Results: Both groups demonstrated statistically significant improvement in pain relief, functional mobility, and overall patient satisfaction. Group A exhibited slightly faster onset of relief and slight reduction in pain scores and disability indices compared to Group B, indicating a superior therapeutic effect of Agnikarma with Tamra Shalaka. No major adverse effects were reported in either group. Conclusion: Agnikarma with Tamra Shalaka, when combined with Trayodashanga Guggulu, is a safe, effective, and superior intervention for alleviating pain and improving function in patients with Gridhrasi. This study supports the targeted use of Agnikarma as a first-line procedural therapy in the Ayurvedic management of sciatica.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Gridhrasi, Sciatica, Agnikarma, Siravyadhana, Trayodashanga Guggulu, Randomized Clinical Trial

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Microplastics, Lower Lake, water quality and Fishes

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

?????? ????????? ?? ??????? 15??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????????? '?????? ??????' ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ?????, ???????, ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??, ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? '??? ?????' ???????? ?? ??????-?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???, ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???-??? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????, ??????? ?????, ?????, ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ,???? ????,????????? ????, ??? ???? ,?????? ?? ??????,????? ???????, ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ? ?? ????????? ?? ?????--??? ????????, ????? ????????, ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???--?? ???????, ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????-????? ????, ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????, ?????? ?????, ????? ?? ??????????,?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????- ????-???????, ????????, ?? ??????, ???? ????, ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

??????,?????,????????,?????,????????,?????????

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This paper explores the representation of subaltern identities, cultural narratives, and systemic oppression in Narayan's Kocharethi: The Araya Woman, the first tribal novel in Malayalam literature. Through a postcolonial and Dalit literary lens, the study examines how the novel articulates the lived realities of the Malayarayar tribe, particularly through the life of the protagonist Kunjipennu. Drawing upon theoretical insights from Edward Said, Homi Bhabha, Gayatri Spivak, and Jyotirao Phule, this paper investigates how Kocharethi functions as both a personal and collective narrative of resistance. By addressing land dispossession, gendered oppression, and cultural erasure, the novel provides a platform for indigenous voices long silenced in mainstream discourse. The paper concludes that Narayan's work is a seminal contribution to postcolonial and Dalit aesthetics, challenging dominant histories and asserting the agency of marginalized communities.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Marginalization, Subaltern Studies, Dalit Literature, Tribal Identity, Postcolonial Theory, Gender, Land Dispossession, Kocharethi

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This article investigates how Amitav Ghosh's *The Great Derangement* critiques the entangled legacies of colonialism and climate change. Situating the text within eco-critical and postcolonial frameworks, the study explores how Ghosh challenges the literary and cultural silence surrounding the Anthropocene. The paper argues that Ghosh critiques not only the failures of modern politics and literature to engage with ecological crisis, but also exposes how colonial systems of extraction and epistemology have shaped contemporary environmental degradation. Through his call for imaginative courage and narrative rethinking, Ghosh envisions a form of literary engagement that reclaims silenced ecological histories and advocates for a decolonial environmental ethics.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: eco-criticism, postcolonialism, climate change, Anthropocene, Amitav Ghosh

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Pain management is a pressing problem that requires intricate mechanisms to be resolved. For localized acute pain, drugs must be administered quickly and precisely with little blood circulation diffusion, however for chronic pain, drugs must be released gradually with a lengthy half-life. A promising method with excellent patient compliance, the transdermal route was renowned for its painless delivery, lengthy drug retention period, steady blood concentration, easily adjustable dosage and release rate, and reduced side effects. This review explains the many analgesic mechanisms, dose forms, transdermal improvements, and clinical uses of transdermal pain treatment in accordance with the various sites of action that drugs seek to target. Here, we review progress and challenges in developing transdermal patches for sustained pain relief.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Pain management; Transdermal drug delivery; Analgesics; Sustained release; Chronic pain; Acute pain; Transdermal patches; Controlled drug release; Patient compliance; Targeted drug delivery; Pharmacokinetics; Clinical applications.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract Disaster management in school education is not only about safety training but also about developing responsible, emotionally strong, and aware citizens. The Indian Knowledge System (IKS) provides deep wisdom about maintaining balance between humans and nature, community cooperation, and self-discipline during crises. Ancient Indian texts like the Vedas, Upanishads, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Ayurveda, and Kautilya's Arthashastra contain valuable lessons on disaster prevention, leadership, and health management. This paper studies how the integration of IKS with modern disaster education can make learning more meaningful and holistic. A small survey conducted among students and teachers shows that while most schools teach modern safety drills, very few include traditional Indian wisdom. The findings suggest that using IKS elements--such as stories, ethical teachings, and traditional practices--can strengthen students' mental stability, cooperation, and social responsibility. By combining modern techniques with ancient Indian values, schools can prepare students not just to survive disasters but to act with courage, discipline, and compassion. Such education supports sustainable living, community harmony, and environmental care. Therefore, integrating the Indian Knowledge System into school disaster education is essential to build a new generation of self-reliant, empathetic, and environmentally responsible citizens. Disaster Management, Indian Knowledge System, School Education, Life Skills, Ethics, Sustainability

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Disaster Management, Indian Knowledge System, School Education, Life Skills, Ethics, Sustainability

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition