Volume 13 | Issue 10 |

 Abstract

This paper presents a detailed study on the behaviour of idempotent elements in the structural framework of stable and pseudo-stable near-rings. Idempotent elements play a central role in the decomposition and organization of algebraic systems, and their influence on the formation of ideals provides valuable insight into the internal properties of near-rings. The study of stability conditions within algebraic systems has been a central theme in understanding their internal symmetries and operational consistency. In this paper, we investigate stable and pseudo-stable properties in the context of near ring substructures. A near ring, being a generalization of a ring without the requirement of full distributivity or commutativity, provides a rich framework to analyze weaker forms of algebraic regularity. We define and explore the conditions under which substructures such as ideals, subnear-rings, and quasi-ideals exhibit stability under homomorphic images, endomorphisms, and composition mappings. The concept of pseudo-stability is introduced as a relaxed form of stability, wherein closure properties hold under specific mappings or restricted operations rather than universally. Comparative results between stable and pseudo-stable substructures are established, highlighting their interrelationships and dependencies on the structural constraints of the parent near ring. Illustrative examples and counterexamples are provided to demonstrate distinct behaviours within different classes of near rings. These findings contribute to the deeper understanding of near ring theory and open pathways for further exploration in algebraic systems exhibiting partial distributivity.

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 Keywords

Idempotents, central, decomposition, ideals, distributivity, Commutativity, sub near rings, homomorphism.

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Highway maintenance is crucial within transportation infrastructure because it directly affects the efficiency and safety of transit systems. Well-maintained highways reduce traffic, lower accident risks, and boost economic growth by ensuring the smooth transport of goods and people. As transportation needs change, using advanced maintenance strategies, like road maintenance outsourcing, has become vital for road authorities. These strategies help optimize resource allocation and improve service delivery. While these strategies offer potential benefits, research shows conflicting views on their actual effectiveness. Because of this, a full evaluation of how they're put into action is needed. Additionally, keeping up with highway maintenance is key as technology and traveler expectations change. An interactive and personalized approach can really improve the user experience and make travel decisions easier.

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Selaing and Stitching

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Background: Menopause marks the permanent cessation of menstruation and the end of a woman's reproductive capacity. It is a natural biological process, often accompanied by a variety of physical, psychological, and urogenital symptoms due to hormonal changes. Objective: This study aims to assess the quality of life of Indian postmenopausal women and compare their menopausal symptoms with those reported in other countries. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted among 398 women aged 45-55 years in urban and rural areas of Varanasi district, Uttar Pradesh. Data were collected using the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS), which evaluates 11 common menopausal symptoms categorized into somatic, psychological, and urogenital domains. The MRS was translated into the local language for better understanding. Results: The most prevalent symptoms reported were muscle and joint discomfort (79.8%), depressive mood (70%), anxiety (69.4%), hot flushes (68.7%), and sleep disturbances (65.7%). Psychological symptoms were found to be the most severe, with 52.3% of women experiencing them at a high level and 11.6% at a very high level. Somatic complaints were predominantly moderate (43.7%), while urogenital symptoms were mostly low to moderate (41.0% and 36.6% respectively). Conclusion: The findings highlight that psychological symptoms are the most distressing among postmenopausal Indian women, requiring urgent attention. Somatic and urogenital symptoms, while common, are generally moderate. A comprehensive management approach focusing on mental health, physical wellness, and reproductive health education is recommended.

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 Keywords

Menopause, Menopause Rating Scale, Psychological Symptoms, Somatic Complaints, Urogenital Symptoms, Quality of Life, Postmenopausal Women, India.

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Urban flooding and groundwater depletion represent critical challenges in rapidly urbanizing regions Globally. Urban flooding is primarily driven by unplanned urban expansion, loss of natural water bodies and Green spaces, inadequate and outdated drainage infrastructure, high population density, poor solid waste management, and the effects of climate change, including increased rainfall intensity and altered rainfall Patterns. These factors collectively enhance surface runoff and overwhelm existing drainage systems, exacerbating flood events. Groundwater depletion results chiefly from over-extraction due to increased demand for industrial, domestic, and agricultural use, inefficient water management, contamination, and reduced natural recharge caused by impervious urban surfaces and deforestation. This imbalance between ground water withdrawal and recharge threatens sustainable urban water security. Addressing these intertwined issues demands innovative and integrated solutions like permeable pavements, effective storm water management, urban green infrastructure, and groundwater recharge strategies, aligning with sustainability and climate resilience goals.

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Rainwater Harvesting, Hexagonal Road Tiles, Storm water Management, Urban Drainage Systems, Sustainable Pavement Design, Water Filtration.

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This study investigates the impact of mindfulness practices on stress reduction, emotional regulation, and life satisfaction. Mindfulness, defined as present-moment non-judgmental awareness, has been shown to foster adaptive coping, reduce psychological distress, and enhance well-being. Using a cross-sectional design, a sample of 250 young adults was assessed with validated scales measuring mindfulness, perceived stress, emotional regulation, and life satisfaction. Correlational and regression analyses revealed that mindfulness is negatively associated with stress and positively associated with both emotional regulation and life satisfaction. Moreover, emotional regulation partially mediated the relationship between mindfulness and life satisfaction. These findings highlight the role of mindfulness-based practices in promoting resilience and overall life satisfaction.

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mindfulness, perceived stress, emotional regulation, and life satisfaction, cross-sectional design, Correlational and regression analyses and foster

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This study investigates the impact of digital marketing strategies on consumer purchase intentions in the Indian e-commerce retail sector. With the rapid expansion of online shopping platforms and increasing internet penetration, understanding the factors that drive consumer behavior has become crucial for businesses seeking competitive advantage. The research examines key variables including discount promotions, social media engagement, brand trust, customer satisfaction, and personalized marketing on purchase decisions. Using a descriptive research methodology, primary data was collected through structured questionnaires from 150 respondents across major Indian cities who actively engage in online shopping. Statistical analysis was performed using correlation and regression techniques to examine the relationships between independent variables and purchase intentions. The findings reveal that discount strategies and social media marketing significantly influence purchase intentions, while brand trust and customer engagement act as mediating factors in building long-term loyalty. Among all variables examined, social media engagement showed the strongest positive correlation with purchase intentions, followed by personalized marketing and discount promotions. The study provides practical insights for e-commerce businesses to optimize their digital marketing strategies and enhance customer retention in the competitive Indian market. The research contributes to existing literature by examining the Indian market context specifically and offers actionable recommendations for businesses operating in emerging digital economies.

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- Digital Marketing, E-commerce, Purchase Intentions, Consumer Behavior, Discount Promotions, Social Media Marketing, Brand Trust, Customer Engagement

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The presence of a child with an intellectual disability necessitates considerable adjustment on the part of parents and other family members. While some families demonstrate greater resilience in adapting to this reality, others encounter significant challenges. This study investigates and compares the needs of parents--both mothers and fathers--raising children with mild and moderate intellectual disabilities. Conducted at the State Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research (SIRTAR), Rohtak, Haryana, the research employs a purposive sampling method involving 24 parents of children aged 5 to 25 years, categorized by IQ levels (mild: 50-70; moderate: 35-50). Using the NIMH Family Needs Schedule and an interview-based approach, the study explores parental needs across cognitive, material, social, and emotional domains. Findings reveal that mothers consistently reported higher needs than fathers, particularly in areas related to child management and emotional support, while fathers expressed greater needs for vocational planning and access to government services. The study underscores the importance of early, individualized, and family-centered interventions that address both child-specific and broader familial needs. It concludes that assessing and responding to parental needs from the family's perspective is critical to improving developmental outcomes and enhancing parental capacity.

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Intellectual disability, parental needs, family support

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Breast engorgement refers to the painful swelling and firmness of the breasts that commonly occurs when they become overly full of milk, blood, and fluid. It often happens in the early postpartum period, typically 3-5 days after delivery, but can also occur later if feeding or milk expression is delayed. A descriptive study was conducted to evaluate the postnatal mother's knowledge concerning breast engorgement and its intervention in a selected hospital of Moodbidri Taluk, with the aim to create an information booklet. The study utilized a descriptive design and included postnatal mothers as samples. The results indicated that 45% of the mothers had poor knowledge, 50% had average knowledge, and only 5% had good knowledge. The mean score of knowledge was 40.63% and the standard deviation was 3.611. Among demographic variables, 32.5% of mothers were aged between 22-25 years group, 65% were joint families, 47.5% were Muslim religion, and 72.5% had a vaginal delivery. Additionally, 52.5% of the study participants were multiparous. The results of the study show the enhanced awareness and education strategies are required to bridge the knowledge gap. Preparation of an information booklet can be useful tool to educate postnatal mothers on identification, management, and prevention of breast engorgement. The research highlights the need for organized postnatal education to improve maternal health and breastfeeding outcomes.

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Postnatal Mothers, Breast engorgement, Knowledge, Health education, Information guidesheet

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Digital literacy encompasses and navigates technological information across the nation. It has evaluated the critical world with 21st century skills such as communication and use of online digital tools. It ensures safety for cybersecurity which is an enhanced data threat issue. Adapting to technologies makes creation of digital tools for content creation. There have been continuous collaboration and engagement of people through different mediums of communication that have embarked upon usage of digital platforms. This paper examines the critical role of digital literacy as a core 21st century skill essential for success in education, work and civic engagement. The paradigm shift to knowledge connects society to conceptualize literacy moving beyond technical proficiency. This develops sociological and ethical competencies across the globe. The definition of multifaceted digital literacy includes information and data literacy, communication among people, online content creation, safety and protection of data and digital citizenship. The digital competence adopts to rapid technological change. Also, there have implications to which digital literacy skills have perpetuated digital divide limiting economic development. Therefore, the need for digital literacy has been overcome by transforming changes and developmental strategies. It also improves the ability to how to use digital technology, how to collaborate with teachers and peers and how to engage with communities. Digital literacy equips young people from online to virtual communication initiating technological skills. By actively participating workshops, individuals acquire valuable skills to move ahead with the digital era. The schools and universities have equipped integration of digital literacy in curriculum. Hence, it is an opportunity for students to develop their skills through their academic studies. The importance of digital literacy empowers people to be vigilant enhancing the use of technology. The analysis of practical implications for educational policy ensures students to thrive digital landscape of the 21st century giving them ability to have essential technological knowledge.

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Digital Literacy, 21st Century Skills, Digital Citizenship, Information Literacy, Media Literacy

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Parenting style plays a crucial role in shaping young adults' emotional and behavioural development. It affects both how attachment patterns form and how aggression is expressed. This study examined how parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive), attachment styles (secure, avoidant, dismissive, anxious, and ambivalent), and aggression (physical, verbal, anger, and hostility) relate among young adult males and females aged 18-25. Data were collected from a sample of 100 participants. Tools were used: the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ), the Attachment Style Questionnaire (APQ-SF), and the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ). Results from Pearson correlation analysis indicated several statistically significant positive relationships (p < .001). Authoritarian parenting was moderately correlated with anxious attachment (r = .451), while ambivalent attachment was positively associated with avoidant (r = .491), dismissive attachment(r = .400), and physical aggression was both moderately correlated with dismissive(r=.347) and ambivalent attachment(r = .403). Verbal aggression correlated with both dismissive attachment (r = .343) and physical aggression (r = .689) whereas, anger moderately correlated with avoidant(r=.337) and strongly correlated with physical aggression(r=0.577). Moreover, hostility showed strong associations with physical aggression (r = .760) and anger (r = .641), as well as moderate correlations with authoritarian parenting (r = .328), avoidant (r = .352), and ambivalent attachment (r = .451) and lastly, dismissive attachment is strongly correlated with avoidant attachment(r=0.534). Overall, the results suggest that insecure attachment patterns and authoritarian parenting behaviours are closely tied to increased aggression and hostility. Encouraging supportive parenting and secure attachment may help reduce aggression among young adults.

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Parenting Styles, Attachment Styles, Aggression, Insecure Attachment, Young Adults.

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