Volume 13 | Issue 10 |

 Abstract

This thorough paper first examines the limits of patent protection in India, highlighting the 20-year exclusive rights bestowed to inventors. Additionally, a historical review shows how Indian patent rules have changed throughout time, culminating in the current Patent Act of 1972. In order to determine eligibility, the standards of patentability, such as novelty, inventive steps, and industrial application, are analyzed. Later, the article expands on the topic of patents with concepts of non-patentable inventions, from agricultural methods to frivolous claims, which are carefully examined under Section 3. The entire essay explores the intricacies of innovative steps, highlighting non-obviousness as a crucial patentability requirement. It ends by emphasizing the careful balance that patent rules uphold, guaranteeing adherence to the concepts of innovation and non-obviousness and industrial utility.

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Indian invention history, Section 3 exclusions, standards of patentability, Standards of Patentability and eligibility requirements for patents.

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The current study focused on understanding the relationship between Daily Spiritual Experiences and Forgiveness among emerging adults. The study also aimed to analyze the extent of influence of Daily Spiritual Experiences in determining Forgiveness among emerging adults. The Convenience sampling method was employed to collect a sample of 200 participants among males and females between the age group of 18 and 25 years. Daily Spiritual Experiences was measured using the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale (Underwood, 2011), and Forgiveness was measured using the Bolton's Forgiveness Scale (Amanze & Carson, 2021). The data for the study was assessed using Pearson Product Moment correlation, and Multiple Linear Regression through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (Version 25.0). The results portrayed that there was a significant positive correlation between Daily Spiritual Experiences and Forgiveness among emerging adults. It also demonstrated a positive influence of Daily Spiritual Experiences on Forgiveness among the chosen sample.

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Spirituality, Daily Spiritual Experiences, Forgiveness, Emerging Adults

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Through her own gaze, a woman emerges not as a fragment of another, but as a complete creation in herself. Yet, throughout history, she has been cast primarily as a muse in artistic creation, her presence reduced to an object that adds lavanya (grace) or beauty to a painting. This perspective, shaped largely by the male gaze, disregards her inner realities, what she thinks, feels, and endures each day. As Neera Desai and Usha Thakkar note in their book, 'Women in Indian Society', when men are asked what their wives do, the common response is "nothing." Such a dismissal reflects how even visible labor remains unrecognized, let alone the invisible layers of emotion women conceal in order to meet societal expectations. Society has long written women into narrow scripts, casting them as caregivers, keepers of hearth and home, and arbiters of others' needs, while their own inner landscapes remain largely unread. The joys, fears, longings, and silences of women are rarely recorded, except in fragments glimpsed through the eyes of others. It is only when women themselves take up the pen, brush, or voice that these worlds fully emerge, vibrant and unmediated. This study seeks to disturb the authority of male-centred narratives, where "man," "him," and "his" masquerade as the universal, and to place "her" at the centre of discourse. This paper turns to the work of Amrita Sher-Gil, whose paintings capture women not as silent muses or icons, but as subjects in their own right, embodying moods, emotions, and truths that continue to resonate today. It aims to reclaim the unspoken, to give form to the silenced emotions and lived experiences of women, insisting that their stories, feelings, and perceptions are not peripheral annotations but vital, dynamic, and indispensable threads in the tapestry of human understanding.

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 Keywords

Feminine Subjectivity, Patriarchy, Artistic Representation, Lived Experiences

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This paper presents a detailed study on the behaviour of idempotent elements in the structural framework of stable and pseudo-stable near-rings. Idempotent elements play a central role in the decomposition and organization of algebraic systems, and their influence on the formation of ideals provides valuable insight into the internal properties of near-rings. The study of stability conditions within algebraic systems has been a central theme in understanding their internal symmetries and operational consistency. In this paper, we investigate stable and pseudo-stable properties in the context of near ring substructures. A near ring, being a generalization of a ring without the requirement of full distributivity or commutativity, provides a rich framework to analyze weaker forms of algebraic regularity. We define and explore the conditions under which substructures such as ideals, subnear-rings, and quasi-ideals exhibit stability under homomorphic images, endomorphisms, and composition mappings. The concept of pseudo-stability is introduced as a relaxed form of stability, wherein closure properties hold under specific mappings or restricted operations rather than universally. Comparative results between stable and pseudo-stable substructures are established, highlighting their interrelationships and dependencies on the structural constraints of the parent near ring. Illustrative examples and counterexamples are provided to demonstrate distinct behaviours within different classes of near rings. These findings contribute to the deeper understanding of near ring theory and open pathways for further exploration in algebraic systems exhibiting partial distributivity.

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 Keywords

Idempotents, central, decomposition, ideals, distributivity, Commutativity, sub near rings, homomorphism.

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Highway maintenance is crucial within transportation infrastructure because it directly affects the efficiency and safety of transit systems. Well-maintained highways reduce traffic, lower accident risks, and boost economic growth by ensuring the smooth transport of goods and people. As transportation needs change, using advanced maintenance strategies, like road maintenance outsourcing, has become vital for road authorities. These strategies help optimize resource allocation and improve service delivery. While these strategies offer potential benefits, research shows conflicting views on their actual effectiveness. Because of this, a full evaluation of how they're put into action is needed. Additionally, keeping up with highway maintenance is key as technology and traveler expectations change. An interactive and personalized approach can really improve the user experience and make travel decisions easier.

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Selaing and Stitching

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Background: Menopause marks the permanent cessation of menstruation and the end of a woman's reproductive capacity. It is a natural biological process, often accompanied by a variety of physical, psychological, and urogenital symptoms due to hormonal changes. Objective: This study aims to assess the quality of life of Indian postmenopausal women and compare their menopausal symptoms with those reported in other countries. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted among 398 women aged 45-55 years in urban and rural areas of Varanasi district, Uttar Pradesh. Data were collected using the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS), which evaluates 11 common menopausal symptoms categorized into somatic, psychological, and urogenital domains. The MRS was translated into the local language for better understanding. Results: The most prevalent symptoms reported were muscle and joint discomfort (79.8%), depressive mood (70%), anxiety (69.4%), hot flushes (68.7%), and sleep disturbances (65.7%). Psychological symptoms were found to be the most severe, with 52.3% of women experiencing them at a high level and 11.6% at a very high level. Somatic complaints were predominantly moderate (43.7%), while urogenital symptoms were mostly low to moderate (41.0% and 36.6% respectively). Conclusion: The findings highlight that psychological symptoms are the most distressing among postmenopausal Indian women, requiring urgent attention. Somatic and urogenital symptoms, while common, are generally moderate. A comprehensive management approach focusing on mental health, physical wellness, and reproductive health education is recommended.

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 Keywords

Menopause, Menopause Rating Scale, Psychological Symptoms, Somatic Complaints, Urogenital Symptoms, Quality of Life, Postmenopausal Women, India.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Urban flooding and groundwater depletion represent critical challenges in rapidly urbanizing regions Globally. Urban flooding is primarily driven by unplanned urban expansion, loss of natural water bodies and Green spaces, inadequate and outdated drainage infrastructure, high population density, poor solid waste management, and the effects of climate change, including increased rainfall intensity and altered rainfall Patterns. These factors collectively enhance surface runoff and overwhelm existing drainage systems, exacerbating flood events. Groundwater depletion results chiefly from over-extraction due to increased demand for industrial, domestic, and agricultural use, inefficient water management, contamination, and reduced natural recharge caused by impervious urban surfaces and deforestation. This imbalance between ground water withdrawal and recharge threatens sustainable urban water security. Addressing these intertwined issues demands innovative and integrated solutions like permeable pavements, effective storm water management, urban green infrastructure, and groundwater recharge strategies, aligning with sustainability and climate resilience goals.

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Rainwater Harvesting, Hexagonal Road Tiles, Storm water Management, Urban Drainage Systems, Sustainable Pavement Design, Water Filtration.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This study investigates the impact of mindfulness practices on stress reduction, emotional regulation, and life satisfaction. Mindfulness, defined as present-moment non-judgmental awareness, has been shown to foster adaptive coping, reduce psychological distress, and enhance well-being. Using a cross-sectional design, a sample of 250 young adults was assessed with validated scales measuring mindfulness, perceived stress, emotional regulation, and life satisfaction. Correlational and regression analyses revealed that mindfulness is negatively associated with stress and positively associated with both emotional regulation and life satisfaction. Moreover, emotional regulation partially mediated the relationship between mindfulness and life satisfaction. These findings highlight the role of mindfulness-based practices in promoting resilience and overall life satisfaction.

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mindfulness, perceived stress, emotional regulation, and life satisfaction, cross-sectional design, Correlational and regression analyses and foster

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This study investigates the impact of digital marketing strategies on consumer purchase intentions in the Indian e-commerce retail sector. With the rapid expansion of online shopping platforms and increasing internet penetration, understanding the factors that drive consumer behavior has become crucial for businesses seeking competitive advantage. The research examines key variables including discount promotions, social media engagement, brand trust, customer satisfaction, and personalized marketing on purchase decisions. Using a descriptive research methodology, primary data was collected through structured questionnaires from 150 respondents across major Indian cities who actively engage in online shopping. Statistical analysis was performed using correlation and regression techniques to examine the relationships between independent variables and purchase intentions. The findings reveal that discount strategies and social media marketing significantly influence purchase intentions, while brand trust and customer engagement act as mediating factors in building long-term loyalty. Among all variables examined, social media engagement showed the strongest positive correlation with purchase intentions, followed by personalized marketing and discount promotions. The study provides practical insights for e-commerce businesses to optimize their digital marketing strategies and enhance customer retention in the competitive Indian market. The research contributes to existing literature by examining the Indian market context specifically and offers actionable recommendations for businesses operating in emerging digital economies.

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- Digital Marketing, E-commerce, Purchase Intentions, Consumer Behavior, Discount Promotions, Social Media Marketing, Brand Trust, Customer Engagement

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The presence of a child with an intellectual disability necessitates considerable adjustment on the part of parents and other family members. While some families demonstrate greater resilience in adapting to this reality, others encounter significant challenges. This study investigates and compares the needs of parents--both mothers and fathers--raising children with mild and moderate intellectual disabilities. Conducted at the State Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research (SIRTAR), Rohtak, Haryana, the research employs a purposive sampling method involving 24 parents of children aged 5 to 25 years, categorized by IQ levels (mild: 50-70; moderate: 35-50). Using the NIMH Family Needs Schedule and an interview-based approach, the study explores parental needs across cognitive, material, social, and emotional domains. Findings reveal that mothers consistently reported higher needs than fathers, particularly in areas related to child management and emotional support, while fathers expressed greater needs for vocational planning and access to government services. The study underscores the importance of early, individualized, and family-centered interventions that address both child-specific and broader familial needs. It concludes that assessing and responding to parental needs from the family's perspective is critical to improving developmental outcomes and enhancing parental capacity.

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 Keywords

Intellectual disability, parental needs, family support

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition