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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CREATIVE RESEARCH THOUGHTS - IJCRT (IJCRT.ORG)
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Authors
Dhanunjay Kumar Yadav,Gavireddy Pavan,Pulibanti Arun kumar,Neyyala Bharath Kumar,Terri Naidu
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Keywords
Acid attack, Concrete degradation, Strength loss, Durability, Chemical corrosion (or chemical attack), pH value, Cement matrix (or cement paste), Microstructure, Pore structure (or porosity, permeability), Material properties (mechanical properties, physical properties).
Abstract
Concrete is widely used in infrastructure due to its high compressive strength, durability, and cost-effectiveness. However, exposure to acidic environments significantly affects its mechanical and durability properties. Acid attack primarily occurs when concrete structures are exposed to industrial effluents, acid rain, sewage systems, or aggressive soils containing acids such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and nitric acid. These acids react with the alkaline components of hydrated cement paste, particularly calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH)?) and calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), leading to chemical degradation.
The interaction between acids and cement hydration products results in the formation of soluble salts and expansive compounds such as gypsum and ettringite, which weaken the internal structure of concrete. This process reduces compressive strength, increases porosity, and accelerates surface deterioration through scaling, cracking, and mass loss. Sulfuric acid is particularly aggressive due to both chemical reaction and sulfate attack mechanisms, causing severe structural damage compared to other acids.
The rate and extent of strength reduction depend on several factors, including acid concentration, exposure duration, type of cement, water-cement ratio, permeability, and use of supplementary cementitious materials such as fly ash, silica fume, and slag. Concrete with lower permeability and higher density generally exhibits better resistance to acid attack.
Understanding the influence of acid on concrete strength is essential for designing durable structures in aggressive environments. Preventive measures such as proper mix design, protective coatings, and the use of acid-resistant materials can significantly enhance service life and structural performance under acidic exposure conditions.
IJCRT's Publication Details
Unique Identification Number - IJCRT2602464
Paper ID - 301771
Author type - Indian Author
Page Number(s) - d986-d990
Pubished in - Volume 14 | Issue 2 | February 2026
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) -
No Of Downloads - 11
Author Country - India, -, -, -, -, Science and Technology
Publisher Name - IJPUBLICATION | www.ijcrt.org | ISSN : 2320-2882
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Dhanunjay Kumar Yadav,Gavireddy Pavan,Pulibanti Arun kumar,Neyyala Bharath Kumar,Terri Naidu, "Influence of Acid on the Strength of Concrete", International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT), ISSN:2320-2882, Volume.14, Issue 2, pp.d986-d990, February 2026, Available at :http://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2602464.pdf
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February 2026
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ISSN: 2320-2882 Impact Factor: 7.97 and ISSN APPROVED Journal Starting Year (ESTD) : 2013
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ISSN: 2320-2882 Impact Factor: 7.97 and ISSN APPROVED Journal Starting Year (ESTD) : 2013
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