Volume 10 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

Rate of the cement production every year over worldwide is around 3 billion tons. Cement is the binding material which is important for building sector. Emission of CO2 due to cement industry is around 7% of worldwide. Concrete when used without reinforcement tends to be brittle in nature with very poor tensile strength and less strain capacity. During construction of concrete structures various hard circumstances get subjected on it which includes chemical attacks such as chloride, sulphate, and acid which in result gave a negative impact on the durability of structure. Polypropylene Fiber is a thermoplastic polymer which adds adhesive force due to its nature and hold the concrete mix together, reducing bleeding, shrinkage (both plastic and elastic), and cracks. Marble dust is also added to the mix in replacement of cement by 10% weight and the fibers used in quantity of 0.5%to 2% and check result. The methodology, procedure of tests used according to the IS codes and the results are tabulated. The present paper accounts strength of concrete mix when cement is replaced partially by marble dust and polypropylene fibers in particular percentage.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Polypropylene fiber, marble dust, strength, moisture content

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

A brick whose solid ingredient is Fly Ash and waste plastic bottles has been manufactured. The manufacturing process uses techniques and equipment similar to those used in clay brick factories. The common characteristic of the Fly Ash, plastic bottle bricks have also been studied. It includes water absorption capacity, the initial rate of absorption, compressive strength, and durability. The values of this characteristic of Fly Ash, plastic bottle bricks have been determined and have to be compared with those of clay bricks. The new bricks seen have been given the name Fly Ash, cement, plastic Bottle brick. Fly Ash, cement, and plastic bottle bricks are made of fly ash, cement, sand, and waste plastic bottles. These can be extensively used in the footpath and boundary walls constructional activities similar to that of common burnt clay bricks. The fly ash and plastic bottle bricks are comparatively lighter in weight and stronger than common clay bricks. Since fly ash and plastic bottles are being built up as waste material in large quantities near thermal power plants and garbage creating serious environmental pollution problems, its utilization as the main raw material in the manufacture of bricks will not only create enough opportunities for its proper and useful disposal but also help in environmental pollution control to a larger extent in the surrounding areas. Given the superior quality and eco-friendly nature. This dissertation is to study the role of cement in fly ash and plastic bottle bricks. The fly ash and plastic bottle bricks are comparatively lighter in weight and stronger than common clay Bricks. Fly ash is useful by-product from thermal power stations using pulverized coal as a fuel and has considerable pozzolanic activity. The present generation of fly ash and waste plastics in India by thermal power stations and garbage is more than 100 million tons per annum. This national resource can be gainfully utilized for the manufacture of fly ash bottle bricks as a supplement to common burnt clay building bricks leading to the conservation of natural resources and improvement in environmental quality. Considering the importance and increasing demand for this material, a systematic study based on properties and industrial applications has been carried out in this project. These bricks are suitable for use in masonry construction just like common burnt clay bricks. Production of pulverized fuel fly ash, and plastic bottle bricks has already started in the country and it is expected that this standard would encourage production and use on a mass scale.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Key Words: --FLY ASH, WASTE PLASTIC BOTTLES, CEMENT AND SAND.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The drug delivery system enables the release of the active pharmaceutical ingredient to achieve a desired therapeutic response. Conventional drug delivery systems (tablets, capsules, syrups, ointments, etc.) suffer from poor bioavailability and fluctuations in plasma drug level and are unable to achieve sustained release. Without an efficient delivery mechanism, the whole therapeutic process can be rendered useless. Moreover, the drug has to be delivered at a specified controlled rate and at the target site as precisely as possible to achieve maximum efficacy and safety. Controlled drug delivery systems are developed to combat the problems associated with conventional drug delivery. There has been a tremendous evolution in controlled drug delivery systems from the past two decades ranging from macro scale and nano scale to intelligent targeted delivery. The initial part of this review provides a basic understanding of drug delivery systems with an emphasis on the pharmacokinetics of the drug. It also discusses the conventional drug delivery systems and their limitations. Further, controlled drug delivery systems are discussed in detail with the design considerations, classifications and drawings. In addition, nano-drug delivery, targeted and smart drug delivery using stimuli-responsive and intelligent biomaterials is discussed with recent key findings. The paper concludes with the challenges faced and future directions in controlled drug delivery.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

controlled release dosage forms, pharmacokinetics, nano-drug delivery, smart and stimuli-responsive delivery, intelligent biomaterials

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition