Volume 13 | Issue 9 |

 Abstract

Role of Women in Premchand's Novels: A Socio-Cultural Perspective

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Role of Women in Premchand's Novels: A Socio-Cultural Perspective

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Nanotechnology has introduced groundbreaking advancements in oncology by revolutionizing how anticancer agents are delivered. Conventional chemotherapy faces challenges like poor selectivity and severe systemic toxicity. Nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems--including liposomes, dendrimers, polymeric particles, micelles, and metallic nanoparticles--enable site-specific drug accumulation, enhance bioavailability, and minimize adverse effects. This review comprehensively examines key nanotechnology principles in cancer treatment, types of Nano systems, FDA-approved nano formulations, and emerging innovations, underscoring their transformative role in targeted cancer therapy.

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Cancer therapy, Nanotechnology, Nanocarriers, Targeted drug delivery, Liposomes, Chemotherapy, Oncology

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Girls in India confront a complex web of interrelated challenges that undermine their health, education, safety and life chances. This paper synthesizes national surveys, government reports, NGO analyses and peer reviewed studies to examine seventeen core issues affecting girls, including skewed sex ratios, period poverty, anaemia, limited healthcare access, mental health crises, sexual violence, dowry and domestic abuse, child marriage, school dropout, employment and political underrepresentation, superstition driven stigma, cyber harassment and the pressures of non-traditional family choices. Despite these adversities, Indian girls demonstrate remarkable resilience, emotional intelligence and leadership potential. Drawing on evidence from NFHS, NCRB, UNICEF, MOSPI, NITI Aayog and leading research articles, this study highlights both structural failures and promising programmatic responses. The review concludes with targeted policy priorities to strengthen health services, expand educational retention, improve legal redress and community norms, and invest in girls' economic and civic empowerment.

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Gender Inequality, Child Marriage, Anaemia, Mental Health Challenges, India, Women's Empowerment, Adolescent Girls, Superstitions, Resilience, Education, Social Stigma

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This paper presents a Secure Pattern-Based CAPTCHA-Enhanced Resource Booking System designed to safeguard online resource reservation portals from automated attacks. The system integrates a unique pattern-based CAPTCHA mechanism to improve security while maintaining user convenience. Implemented within a college facility management context, this system ensures that only legitimate users can book resources such as auditoriums and sports facilities. Experimental results demonstrate the system's robustness against bot attacks and enhanced user experience compared to traditional CAPTCHA systems.

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Secure CAPTCHA, Pattern-Based CAPTCHA, Resource Booking System, Bot Prevention, College Facility Management, User Authentication

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This study evaluates and compares the nutritional properties of pearl millet flour (Bajra) from three commercial brands--Smita Grah Udhyog, Patanjali, and Manan. Parameters assessed include moisture content, total ash, water-soluble and insoluble ash, alkalinity of water-soluble ash, and calcium concentration. Smita Grah Udhyog samples recorded the highest total ash and calcium content, suggesting superior mineral density, while Patanjali showed better mineral bioavailability due to higher water-soluble ash. Natural indicator China rose was used to assess alkalinity. These findings provide insight into the nutritional quality of pearl millet flour, guiding consumer choices and contributing to food security.

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Keywords: Pearl millet flour, ash content, calcium, alkalinity, moisture, nutritional quality, commercial brands

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Collagen serves as both scaffold and signal in mammalian tissues, providing tensile strength while encoding biochemical cues in its triple helical sequence. A central question in matrix biology is how cells convert this motif level information into adhesion, migration, differentiation, and repair. In skin and many soft tissues, fibrillar collagens I and III dominate the mechanical landscape; cells interpret these fibers largely through collagen binding integrins (?1?1, ?2?1, ?10?1, ?11?1) and the discoidin domain receptors DDR1/DDR2. Systematic Collagen Toolkits devised in Richard Farndale's laboratory (University of Cambridge) mapped short triple helical peptides and defined key motifs - GFOGER/GxOGER for integrin ?2?1 and related ?I containing integrins, GLOGEN/GROGER for ?1?1 preference, and GVMGFO for DDRs, thus revealing how cells "read" collagen at amino acid resolution. Integrating structural, biochemical, and functional data, this review synthesizes how fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, chondrocytes, immune cells, and platelets use these receptors to extract meaning from collagen, with special attention to the HUVEC study by Hunter et al. (2022) that disentangles integrin usage during adhesion, migration, and tube formation on collagen. Finally, I discuss how motif aware insights now inform biomaterial design, wound care, dermatology, and aesthetics, where engaging or modulating specific collagen-receptor axes may improve outcomes.

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Collagen; Integrins ?1?1/?2?1/?10?1/?11?1; Discoidin domain receptors; Collagen Toolkit; GFOGER; GLOGEN; Endothelial cells; HUVEC; Mechanotransduction

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Teacher-student interaction is central to the teaching-learning process, and the interpersonal behaviour of teachers plays a decisive role in shaping students' academic and psychological outcomes. This study examined secondary school students' perceptions of their mathematics teachers' interpersonal behaviour using the Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction (QTI). A sample of 820 students (412 males, 408 females; 445 rural, 375 urban) participated in the study. The QTI measured eight dimensions of teacher behaviour: Leadership, Helpful/Friendly, Understanding, Student Freedom, Uncertain, Dissatisfied, Admonishing, and Strict. Data were analysed using independent samples t-tests to identify gender- and locality-based differences. Results indicated that female students perceived their teachers as significantly more understanding, whereas male students reported greater student freedom, uncertainty, and dissatisfaction. Comparisons across locality showed that rural students perceived their teachers as more helpful, understanding, and supportive of freedom, as well as more uncertain, than did urban students. These findings highlight that perceptions of teacher interpersonal behaviour differ across demographic groups, underscoring the importance of fostering equitable, supportive classroom interactions. The study concludes that mathematics teachers should strive to reduce uncertainty and dissatisfaction while strengthening understanding and supportive behaviours to promote inclusive learning environments.

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teacher-student interaction, interpersonal behaviour, mathematics education, gender differences, rural-urban differences

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Abstract: This research evaluates object identification systems using machine learning techniques for processing satellite photos. It uses transfer learning and multi-object identification deep learning algorithms on remotely sensed satellite data. Five object identification techniques based on YOLO R-CNN architectures were tested, with YOLOv8 showing the fastest detection speed and highest accuracy. Support vector machines were found to be more useful than k-means clustering for object detection on satellite photos. The study also proposes an efficient 3-D CNN model using overlapping 3-D patches and a kernel function, achieving higher accuracy and faster convergence than existing 2-D/3-D CNN methods.

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- Satellite Images, Object Recognition, k-Means Clustering, Support Vector Machines,3DCNN, Hyperspectral Images [HSIs], classification, kernel function

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This study examines investor awareness and perception of contemporary investment avenues, including systematic investment plans (SIPs), exchange-traded funds (ETFs), real estate investment trusts (REITs), digital gold, cryptocurrencies, peer-to-peer lending, and robo-advisory platforms. Primary data was collected from 150 respondents in Jaipur using a structured questionnaire based on 5-point Likert scales. The data was analysed with SPSS using descriptive statistics, correlation, t-tests, ANOVA, and multiple regression. The results show that awareness levels are moderate, with SIPs, digital gold, and cryptocurrencies being the most familiar, while REITs, P2P lending, and robo-advisory platforms remain less known. Respondents expressed high expectations of returns and strong acceptance of digital convenience, but also reported concerns about risk and regulatory trust. Correlation analysis indicated that adoption intention is positively related to awareness, return expectation, trust, and digital convenience, and negatively related to risk concerns. ANOVA confirmed significant age differences in awareness, with mid-aged investors (26-45 years) scoring higher than younger groups. Regression analysis explained 53% of the variance in adoption intention, highlighting awareness, expected returns, trust, and digital convenience as positive predictors, while risk and age reduced adoption likelihood. The study concludes that although contemporary avenues are gaining ground, adoption is held back by regulatory uncertainty and risk perceptions. The findings suggest that strengthening investor education, building regulatory transparency, and enhancing trust mechanisms are essential to encourage wider acceptance of new investment products.

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Investor Awareness, Perception, Contemporary Investment Avenues, Adoption Intention, Risk and Return

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This paper examines the path of Azaro, a spirit-child or abiku whose life is constantly torn between the spirit and human realms, resulting in a deep sense of exile and a challenge to tell reality from fantasy as he hears ghosts and comprehends animal speech. A herbalist predicted that without a specific ritual, he would continue to suffer from serious illnesses and near-death experiences brought on by his spirit friends frequent enticing songs. Azaro also faces severe poverty and difficult living circumstances, including hunger, his parents' hard work, debt, and a run-down, rat-infested house. He frequently encounters danger and violence, suffering injuries from riots and his wanderings, being physically attacked, and seeing acts of violence in the town. He is emotionally and psychologically exhausted by these supernatural and outside forces, and he experiences loneliness, fear, disorientation, hallucinations, and a sense of helplessness. In addition, governmental corruption, widespread riots, political parties' employment of thugs, and discrimination toward marginalized people are all problems in his social context.

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Abiku (Spirit-child), Political Corruption, Spiritual Struggle and Resistance, Personal Transformation, Justice and Responsibility.

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