Volume 13 | Issue 9 |

 Abstract

Every countries plan of future actions majorly depends on the revenue of the government. Whether the future action is related to making any domestic policies, foreign policies, union budget, providing grants, or aids or for any public expenditure, for all these activities government needs to fill its pocket first by collecting revenue from various sources. Year by year, government's public expenditure is increasing and so the need of public revenue also. There are many sources from which government can collect revenue but the major contributing factor for government revenue share in India is collection from taxes. Taxes can be collected by way of imposing it directly or indirectly, however the major focus always comes in case of direct tax collection as it directly depends on the income of a person. Direct taxes are collected in different types form the person. This study focuses on year on year growth in number of taxpayers and year on year growth in Direct Tax collection in India.

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 Keywords

DIRECT TAX, TAXPAYERS, INCOME TAX RETURN, GOVERNMENT REVENUE

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This research paper examines India's diplomatic response to the politically charged "India Out" campaign in the Maldives, which emerged as a significant challenge to bilateral relations between 2020 and 2024. Through an analysis of diplomatic strategies, economic interventions, and soft power initiatives, this study evaluates whether India's approach constituted strategic silence or proactive diplomatic outreach. The paper concludes that India employed a sophisticated combination of restraint, economic leverage, and soft diplomacy that ultimately transformed a diplomatic crisis into renewed strategic partnership, culminating in the landmark July 2025 state visit by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The analysis reveals that India's multifaceted approach, combining initial restraint with sustained engagement, economic leverage with soft power projection, and strategic patience with decisive action, represents a new paradigm in neighborhood diplomacy that effectively countered geopolitical challenges while strengthening bilateral cooperation.

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 Keywords

India Out campaign, Diplomatic response, Strategic silence, Bilateral, Neighborhood diplomacy, Geopolitical challenges, Narendra Modi state visit

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 Abstract

21vi sadi mein bhartiya vidashniti mein afghanistan ka bhu-rannitik aur bhu-arthik mahatv

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21vi sadi mein bhartiya vidashniti mein afghanistan ka bhu-rannitik aur bhu-arthik mahatv

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Rapid urbanization has been one of the most defining processes shaping Indian cities in recent decades, with significant consequences for social structures, cultural landscapes, and patterns of settlement. Jodhpur, the second-largest city of Rajasthan, has witnessed unprecedented growth in its urban population, rising from 560,310 in 1991 to 1.6 million in 2011, reflecting a growth rate of over 35 percent per decade. This demographic expansion has led to the proliferation of squatter settlements and slums, which now accommodate nearly 23 percent of the city's total population. The present study investigates the dynamics of slums in Jodhpur with a focus on urbanization and cultural change. The research is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected through household surveys of 300 families across five major squatter settlements--Chopasani Road, Mandore, Soorsagar, Paota, and Sardarpura--while secondary data was derived from Census of India reports, Jodhpur Development Authority records, and municipal statistics. Variables such as demographic profile, housing conditions, occupational structure, access to basic amenities, and cultural practices were analyzed using descriptive statistics and spatial mapping techniques. Findings reveal that most slum dwellers are migrants from rural districts of western Rajasthan, drawn by employment opportunities in construction, handicrafts, and informal services. Housing structures are predominantly kutcha and semi-pucca, with 62 percent of households lacking proper sanitation and 48 percent depending on shared water sources. Despite poverty and inadequate infrastructure, slums have become spaces of vibrant cultural negotiation. Traditional rural customs, such as caste-based associations, folk music, and communal festivals, persist but are increasingly reshaped by urban influences, including exposure to modern education, consumerism, and digital media. Notably, women's participation in income-generating activities has risen to 27 percent, reflecting gradual cultural transformation. The study concludes that slums in Jodhpur are not merely marginal spaces of deprivation but also sites of cultural adaptation and resilience. Urban informality, though often perceived negatively, facilitates the integration of migrants into the city's socio-economic fabric while simultaneously generating hybrid cultural identities. Policy implications suggest that urban planning must go beyond eviction and rehabilitation approaches to recognize slum communities as integral contributors to Jodhpur's evolving urban culture and economy.

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 Keywords

Objectives of the Study, Previous studies on slums and squatter settlements in India, Theories on urbanization and cultural transformation, Gaps in research related to Jodhpur city, Location Patterns of Squatter Settlements, Cultural Landscape and Change, Socio-Economic Profile of Slum Dwellers, Urbanization and Challenges, Government Policies and Urban Development Programs, Impact on Cultural Identity.

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Abstract: Digital Twin Technology (DTT) represents a ground breaking innovation that bridges the gap between physical and digital realms, creating accurate virtual replicas of physical entities. Leveraging real-time data from IoT sensors, artificial intelligence (AI), and advanced analytics, DTT offers unprecedented capabilities in sports and physical education (PE). Its applications range from optimizing athlete performance, personalizing training regimens, and preventing injuries to revolutionizing educational practices through immersive virtual experiences. This paper examines the transformative potential of DTT in sports and PE, exploring its applications, benefits, and challenges. Additionally, it addresses issues such as cost, data security, and implementation complexity while proposing future directions for development. The findings underscore the significant impact of DTT in fostering a data-driven, efficient, and innovative approach to sports and education.

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Keywords: Digital Twin Technology, Sports, Physical Education, Performance Optimization, Injury Prevention, Virtual Training

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Abstract: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar's idea of social justice wasn't just getting rid of caste; it also included rebuilding womanhood in a society that was highly patriarchal and based on caste. Ambedkar saw that caste and gender injustice were linked, and that women were put down twice as much as men. His criticism of Brahmanical sexism, especially as it was written down in old books like the Manusmiriti, showed how controlling women's sexuality and freedom was a key part of keeping the caste system in place. Ambedkar paved the way for gender equality by fighting for women's right to education and equal rights in marriage, property, and job. He not only went against religious norms, but he also put women at the center of India's democratic and constitutional ideas today. Modern feminist research shows that Ambedkar's ideas still motivate people to fight for gender equality, especially Dalit women who are still pushed to the edges of society because of their caste and sexism. This essay makes the case that Ambedkar's reimagining of womanhood is a key model for rethinking gender equality in modern India. It connects the historical fight against caste with the current feminist movement for women's freedom and honour.

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Keywords: Ambedkar, womanhood, caste, gender equality, patriarchy, Manusmiriti, Dalit feminism, social justice, modern India, women's autonomy

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Introduction: Ascites, the pathological accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, often results from conditions like liver cirrhosis, malignancy, or heart failure. Modern medicine employs paracentesis as both a diagnostic and therapeutic intervention. Ayurveda, rooted in the concept of Jalodara, views ascites as a manifestation of Udakavaha Srotas Dushti, characterized by systemic imbalance. Methods: This review synthesizes procedural insights from modern paracentesis techniques and correlates them with Ayurvedic understandings from classical texts such as Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita and Ashtanga Hridaya. The surgical intervention Vyadhana Karma and internal therapies like Basti, Lepa and Virechana are examined for integrative potential. Results: While paracentesis ensures prompt fluid removal and diagnostic clarity, Ayurvedic modalities aim to address root imbalances and prevent recurrence by correcting metabolic dysfunction. Discussion: An integrative approach leveraging both systems could offer enhanced therapeutic outcomes, combining immediate relief with systemic balance. Interdisciplinary collaboration and clinical trials are essential for the evolution of such a model.

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Ascites, Paracentesis, Ayurveda, Jalodara, Dakodara, Vyadhana Karma.

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Pain is one of the most prevalent health concerns, often managed using synthetic analgesics such as NSAIDs and opioids, which are associated with severe adverse effects including gastrointestinal irritation, renal toxicity, and dependence. This has led to increasing interest in plant-based alternatives with improved safety profiles. Ziziphus mauritiana (Rhamnaceae), widely used in traditional medicine, is rich in flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and tannins, and has demonstrated analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. However, the therapeutic application of its phytoconstituents is limited by poor solubility, low permeability, and inadequate bioavailability when delivered through conventional formulations. To overcome these challenges, the present study aimed to formulate and evaluate a niosomal gel of Z. mauritiana leaf extract for topical analgesic delivery. Niosomes were prepared by the thin-film hydration method, optimized for vesicle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency, and subsequently incorporated into a Carbopol-based gel. The formulation was characterized for pH, viscosity, spreadability, in vitro release, and in vivo analgesic activity using the tail immersion model in Wistar rats. Results revealed sustained drug release, enhanced permeation, and significant analgesic efficacy comparable to diclofenac gel. The findings suggest that Z. mauritiana-loaded niosomal gel is a promising natural and effective alternative for localized pain management with improved patient compliance.

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Ziziphus mauritiana, niosomal gel, sustained release, analgesic activity.

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Wound care is continuously evolving with the advance and modified medicament for the treatment of acute and chronic wounds. The perfect wound healing material was not found due to various challenges. To find the perfect wound care authorities was revisited for the recovery of wounds. In ancient time when medical science was not much developed, peoples was believing on the nature. For the treatment of wound peoples was dependant on many herbal plants. In this study ointment had been formulated based on wound healing property with the help of herbal plants extracts like Neem (Azardirachta indica) and Turmeric (Curcuma longa). The respected formulation has good washability, good spreadability and consistency. From this research we found that, it is possible to modify ointment with natural herbal plants extract which ha wound healing properties and which protects the skin.

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healing activity, ointment, wound healing properties.

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This research study titled "A Study on Employee Morale and Its Impact on Organizational Performance with Special Reference to Malappuram District" investigates how employee morale influences overall organizational effectiveness. The primary objective of the study is to identify the key factors affecting employee morale and to analyze its relationship with productivity, job satisfaction, teamwork, and organizational growth. A mixed-method research approach was adopted, combining both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected through structured questionnaires and interviews from 50 employees across selected organizations in the Malappuram district, while secondary data was sourced from research articles, journals, and theoretical frameworks. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and interpretation techniques to understand employee perceptions and organizational dynamics. The findings reveal that high employee morale significantly contributes to improved organizational performance, higher job satisfaction, better teamwork, and enhanced employee retention. Conversely, low morale leads to increased absenteeism, reduced productivity, and higher attrition rates. The study highlights the importance of leadership style, recognition, effective communication, work environment, and career development opportunities in boosting employee morale. The study concludes that organizations must consider employee morale as a strategic driver of success. Implementing employee-centric policies, fostering a positive workplace culture, and ensuring consistent recognition can enhance overall performance and create a sustainable competitive advantage.

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 Keywords

Employee Morale, Organizational Performance, Job Satisfaction, Motivation, Teamwork, Human Resource Management, Malappuram District

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