Volume 13 | Issue 9 |

 Abstract

Urban informality has become the defining feature of modern Indian cities, where rapid urbanization and rural-to-urban migration meet limited planning capacity. Jodhpur, the second city of Rajasthan, provides a crucial case to analyze the interaction between slum development, squatter settlements, and changing cultural landscape. Census of India (2011) reports that about 28.3% of the population of Jodhpur lives in slums, with about 1.2 lakh individuals living in more than 210 notified and non-notified clusters. These settlements, being primarily found on the periphery of the city and industrialized belts, depict both socio-economic vulnerabilities and resilience. This paper examines the geographical spread, socio-economic composition, and cultural dynamics of Jodhpur's informal settlements through a mixed-methods approach. Secondary Census data (2001-2011), reports of Jodhpur Development Authority (JDA), and satellite imagery were combined with primary surveys from five representative slum clusters: Rajiv Nagar, Indira Colony, Basni Kachchi Basti, Pratap Nagar, and Mandore fringe. The results show that almost 65% of the households are migrants from Barmer, Pali, and Jalore districts, and 45% are dependent on the informal labor markets such as construction, handicrafts, and street vending. These slums' cultural environment is different: even as spatial situations are characterized by poor housing, sanitation, and uneven water supply (only 32% of households use piped water), the communities have rich cultural practices. These are celebrated communally through festivals like Gangaur and Teej, local shrines and temples serve as foci of social bonding, vernacular modes of building adaptations--mud walls, tin roofs, recycled stone slabs--are modes of scarcity and creativity. GIS mapping reveals the locational exclusion of squatter settlements close to industrial belts and rail tracks, accentuating exclusion from formal urban development. The settlements also serve, however, as drivers of urban culture and economic life, adding to Jodhpur's labor force, handicraft exports, and street economies. The research concludes that slums and squatter settlements are not just areas of deprivation but also living participants in the cultural design of the city. Their contribution to Jodhpur's cityscape should be accepted and their role should be recognized in planning informal geographies into inclusive planning, housing policy, and cultural heritage practices.

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 Keywords

Significance of Research on Jodhpur's Informal Settlements, Research Area: Jodhpur City, Pattern of Distribution of Slums and Squatter Settlements, Interconnection between Urban Informality and Cultural Landscape, Study Objectives, Urban Informality in Jodhpur, Cultural Landscape of the Informal Settlements, Planning and Environmental Issues.

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Bangladesh:From Independence to Sheikh Hasina's Resignation and the Muhammad Yunus Era

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Key words: Bangladesh, Independence, Sheikh Hasina, Muhammad Yunus, Democracy, Political Transition, Governance, South Asia

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Aarthik Udarikaran Ke Pashchat Bharat Me Dairy Udhyog Ke Yogdaan Ka Adhyayan: Samay Srikhala Vishleshan

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Aarthik Udarikaran Ke Pashchat Bharat Me Dairy Udhyog Ke Yogdaan Ka Adhyayan: Samay Srikhala Vishleshan

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A study was conducted to assess the knowledge of people from Urban and Rural area regarding prevention of dengue fever. To assess the practice of people from Urban and Rural area regarding prevention of dengue fever. To find the association between knowledge and practice score regarding dengue fever with their selected demographic variables. METHOD :A comparative research design was selected for the study, setting for the study was two communities (Rural(Mujakheda) and Urban (Dhankour GZB. 60 Sample were selected from each community MAJOR FINDING OF THE STUDY Data represented depicted that 39(65%) that is majority of people had poor knowledge, 15(25%) of people had average knowledge and 6(10%) had good knowledge in Rural area. But in Urban area34 (57%) had average knowledge, 15 (25%) of people had good knowledge and 15(25%) had poor knowledge. This indicated that the people of Urban area had more knowledge as compare with Rural area population. Data represented show that the mean score of Rural (13.06) among people was lower than the Urban people score of mean (21.45) after assessment. This indicated that the people of Urban area had more knowledge as compare with Rural and urban area population. There was no significant association between level of knowledge score with the selected demographic variables. CONCLUSION. According to knowledge and practice rural area had low knowledge and practice according to urban.

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knowledge, Practise People, Assess, Dengue ,Urban & Rural

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The primary purpose of this research is to develop and assess polyherbal antidandruff shampoo based on natural sources. The herbs were extracted using simple decoction method. The most effective herbs such as - shikakai, reetha, neem, aloevera, belpatra, pomegranate, rose oil, glycerine, methyl paraben. Polyherbal shampoo is a hair care product made consisting of a variety of herbal extracts and natural ingredients. Polyherbal shampoos don't contain the scientific ingredients found in ordinary shampoos. Unlike normal shampoos which use a single synthetic component to cure our hair problems; polyherbal shampoos use several plant-based, natural components to ensure a holistic approach to hair health. Each herb offers its own unique benefits e.g. nourishment to the scalp, enhancement of shine, strengthening of hair. Polyherbal shampoo exists due to recent desire of holistic and natural hair care solutions. This shampoo is for people looking for effective hair care solutions that emphasize both hair health and a person's well-being. The variety of herbs also provides vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants while promoting faster hair growth, reducing dandruff, and preventing damage.

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Introduction, herbal shampoo, dandruff, classification of dandruff, antidandruff shampoo, ideal properties of polyherbal anti dandruff shampoo, benefits of polyherbal anti dandruff shampoo, plant profile, neem,belpatra,shikakai,reetha,aloevera, pomegranate

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Abstract: A field survey was conducted to observe the butterfly fauna of Kundapura region by random observation from December 2023 to November 2024. Butterfly diversity was studied at four different habitat types that included forest, plantation, crop lands, and wetland. A total of 123 butterfly species belonging to the families of Hesperiidae (28 species), Papilionidae (11 species), Pieridae (10 species), Nymphalidae (44 species) and Lycaenidae (30 species) were identified. Highest butterfly diversity and abundance was recorded from areas of dense forest (76.10% of individuals), while plantation (18.58% of individuals), cropland (4.05% of individuals) and wetland (1.27% of individuals) showed lower butterfly diversity and abundance. Maximum number of individuals and species of butterflies were recorded during the monsoon season (52.57% of individuals) followed by pre-monsoon (39.40% of individuals) and post-monsoon (8.03% of individuals). As the natural habitats are dwindling due to anthropogenic causes, the butterflies too are facing survival problems. We are hopeful that the present study on butterfly diversity of Kundapura Taluk may provide basic data for detailed long term study of biodiversity of this area.

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Keywords: Diversity, Forest, Crop land, Wetland, Plantation

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Hypertension, often referred to as the "silent killer," is one of the most common non-communicable diseases and a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, nearly one in four adults globally is living with hypertension, and its prevalence continues to rise due to rapid urbanization, lifestyle modifications, unhealthy dietary practices, and stress-related factors. In India, urban populations are particularly vulnerable owing to sedentary lifestyles, increased consumption of processed foods, tobacco and alcohol use, and limited awareness regarding preventive health practices. Despite being preventable and manageable through lifestyle modification, early detection, and adherence to treatment, hypertension often remains undiagnosed or poorly controlled. Lack of awareness, misconceptions about the disease, irregular health check-ups, and inadequate health-seeking behaviors further compound the problem, especially in urban communities Aim and objective: The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of an Educational Intervention regarding prevention and management of Hypertension among adults residing in a selected urban community of Mysuru Methods: Research design adopted for the study was pre-experimental, one group pre-test, post-test design .Non probability purposive sampling was used to select 100 adults residing in the selected urban community for the study. Knowledge of adults regarding prevention and management of hypertension was assessed using Structured Knowledge Questionnaire. Educational Intervention on prevention and management of hypertension was conducted for all subjects. Results: The results of the study revealed that Educational Intervention was effective in increasing the knowledge of adults regarding prevention and management of Hypertension as evidenced by computed paired 't' test which was significant at 0.05 level of significance ('t' 99 = 16.88; p<0.05) Conclusion: Educational Intervention was effective in enhancing the knowledge of adults regarding the prevention and management of Hypertension. The study findings stress the increasing responsibility of health professionals in planning and implementing various educational strategies to improve the knowledge of the public regarding prevention and management of Hypertension which in turn help to reduce their risk for Hypertension in their later life.

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 Keywords

Knowledge. Effectiveness, Educational Intervention, Hypertension, Urban adults

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Post-operative pain is a predictable consequence of oral surgery, resulting from tissue trauma and the ensuing inflammatory response. Despite advances in surgical protocols and analgesia, managing this pain effectively remains a clinical hurdle. Factors such as the variability in patient pain perception and the multifactorial origins of pain complicate outcomes. This review provides a synthesized overview of current pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic strategies for post-surgical pain control in oral surgery, highlights persistent challenges, and identifies areas for future clinical and research focus. This paper also delves into the mechanisms of pain at the molecular level, evaluates the comparative efficacy of various drug classes, and underscores the importance of tailoring treatment plans to individual patient profiles. Emphasis is placed on the integration of recent clinical findings and guidelines to optimize post-operative outcomes in oral surgery.

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Oral surgery, Pain management, NSAIDs, Paracetamol, Opioids, Multimodal analgesia, Adjuvants, Patient-centered care.

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This article is about how Karl Marx's Marxist theory ideas can be connected to the effect of AI on work, class and society. Marx argued that capitalization leads to the exploitation of workers and they feel disconnected from their work.AI especially though automation, can make this worse by taking away jobs increasing inequality and making the gap between the rich and poor Nowadays AI reduces human labour in many fields by performing tasks that were done by the people. Here is where Karl Marx, Marxist theory became relevant, he explained how capitalism exploits the workers and how it creates inequality between classes. AI is gradually taking away the existing job opportunities and at the same time it also brings new job opportunities to the world. The new job opportunities introduced by the AI includes machine learning, robotics maintenance etc. All of these jobs require advanced learning and training .Lower class people can't afford it and this will intensify class struggle and create economic disparity. By these concepts, we can better address the challenges and opportunities presented by the AI era.

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 Keywords

Economic disparity, Exploitation, Automation, Inequality ,Class struggle

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