Volume 13 | Issue 9 |

 Abstract

The pesticide market size in India is estimated to be INR229.4 billion in 2022, and it is expected to reach INR342.3 billion by 2028, with a projected Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 4.6% to 4.08%. Therefore, pesticides have become essential for farming (FAO, 2020). There are 293 pesticides registered in India, of which 104 are produced in the country itself. India is the fourth largest pesticide producer in the world. To promote sustainable agriculture in India and ensure food security for India's growing population, it is essential to protect crops from pests. Pesticides play a vital role in modern agriculture, but lack of awareness and misuse pose serious threats to both the environment and human health. India, with the world's largest population, is a high producer and consumer of pesticides. Overuse, lack of awareness, and unsafe handling practices are prevalent among both educated and uneducated farmers in India. This study, conducted in Bilaspur district of Chhattisgarh, examines pesticide use patterns and farmers' perceptions, focusing on health and environmental concerns. Primary data were collected from 100 farmers in three villages of Bilaspur (Birkona, Lokhandi, and Turkadih) using a structured and pre-tested questionnaire. By combining insights from the literature with field-based observations that collected information on farmers' demographic characteristics, awareness of pesticide laws and regulations, handling and storage practices, and knowledge of potential hazards, the study aims to contribute to a better understanding of pesticide practices in developing regions and underline the importance of awareness, training, and policy interventions to promote safe and sustainable pesticide use.

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 Keywords

Pesticide Practice Health Environment

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Indian Digital Economy has emerged as the world's 3rd largest economy after China and the United States, according to the State of India's Digital Economy (SIDE) 2025 reports. The digital economy raises issues like digital piracy that can shake any country's digital economy abruptly. Semiconductor integrated circuits (ICs) or chips are the backbone of every electronic device, whether it is a mobile phone or a TV set. The unauthorised copying of the ICs design and the piracy of chip layouts discourage further innovation in this sector, as its Research and Development requires heavy investment. Considering this as a Global concern, the TRIPS Agreement in 1994 provided guidelines to all the WTO member countries related to the protection of semiconductor integrated circuit layout designs. Based on the guidelines, India enacted a law related to the protection of semiconductor integrated circuit layout designs, i.e. Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Layout Design Act (SICLDA), 2000. This act has emerged as a milestone for the Indian Digital Economy. Awareness of such specialised laws remains limited within the legal education system. The main purpose of this paper is to transcend the disciplinary boundaries and think beyond our own disciplines to innovate, research and explore.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Legal Education, IPR Awareness, SICLDA 2000, Chip Piracy, Interdisciplinary Learning, Higher Education

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is rapidly increasing in importance as AI systems are deployed in multiple sectors such as healthcare, finance, autonomous systems, educational research, and policymaking. Previous AI models, even though they are accurate, often work as "black boxes." They offer minimal insight into how decisions are made. XAI aims to address this opacity by ensuring AI models are interpretable, fully transparent, and accountable. This increases trust, ensures ethical compliance, and improves collaboration between human and AI systems. This paper has brief discussion of the future of explainable AI (XAI), its uses, technical and ethical challenges, and create ways to design strong and reliable AI frameworks that meet human and legal expectations.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Explainable AI, XAI, Machine Learning, Transparency in AI, Trust in AI, Challenges

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Administrative Changes in any area are quite common in the current time. This administrative change significantly affect people's lifestyles. During the Mughal period, most of the areas of this subdivision were included in Tajpur Sarkar and Surjapur Pargana of Subah of Bengal. Administrative changes can bring about various transformations at the societal level, compelling people to think about life in new ways. In 1770 AD, the British took over the administration of the undivided Purnea district. Lord Cornwallis introduced the permanent settlement in 1793 AD and many small zamindari system developed in the area. Sued Fakhruddin Hossain was the Nawab of Khagra Estate. At this time, according to the permanent settlement, the revenue of this Pargana was Rs.2,46,226. Through multiple administrative changes, the characteristics of the current Islampur Subdivision have evolved. The current form of Islampur Subdivision has been shaped through various administrative changes. Before 1956 AD, Islampur Subdivision was part of the undivided purnea district, which is an important part of history. This area was ruled under many kings during the epic era, which allowed various cultures and traditions to flourish here. Many Hindu rulers , Muslims rulers and the British have ruled this area, which has influenced the history of the area. On November 1, 1956 , the Islampur Subdivision joined West Bengal from the undivided purnea district of Bihar, marking an important moment between the two area.

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 Keywords

Purnea , Surjapur, Kishanganj, Islampur, British, Administration etc.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The banking industry is one of the key institutions in the economy of India, but there is always a challenge of workplace conflict affecting organizational productivity and employee welfare. This paper reviews the factors and the impacts of conflicts in the private and public sector banks of Madhya Pradesh with special emphasis on the implications of these conflicts on employee performance. Regression analysis and paired samples t-test were applied to provide data analysis using 100 respondents via stratified random sampling. The results show that the causes of conflicts vary significantly in the two sectors: in the case of the public banks, the bureaucratic hierarchies, the lack of resources and career advancement cause conflicts, whereas in the case of the private banks, performance pressures and customer expectations introduce conflicts. The regression findings support this fact as levels of conflict are significant determinants of employee performance, with more than 40 percent variance being attributed. The paper has highlighted the significance of organised grievance redressal, transparent communication and employee education to convert conflicts to chances of better productivity and organization cohesion.

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 Keywords

Employee performance, banking industry, public and private sector banks, workplace conflict, and conflict management, Madhya Pradesh

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Conventional chemotherapy is frequently hampered by a lack of tumor selectivity, resulting in systemic toxicity and a narrow therapeutic window. To address these limitations, this study reports the design, synthesis, and evaluation of actively targeted solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for the enhanced delivery of paclitaxel (PTX). A series of PTX-loaded SLNs were developed and surface-functionalized with folic acid (FA) as a targeting ligand. The formulations included SLNs with FA conjugated directly to the surface (SLNFA) and SLNs with FA attached via polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacers of two different molecular weights, 1000 Da (SLNP1FA) and 4000 Da (SLNP4FA). Physicochemical characterization revealed that surface modification progressively increased particle size while maintaining a narrow distribution, and significantly enhanced drug entrapment. The SLNP4FA formulation demonstrated the highest drug entrapment efficiency at 58.22% and exhibited the most sustained in vitro drug release profile over 48 hours. The therapeutic efficacy of the nanocarriers was assessed against folate receptor (FR)-positive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. All folate-targeted formulations showed superior cytotoxicity compared to free PTX and non-targeted SLNs. Crucially, the efficacy was dependent on the PEG spacer length, with SLNP4FA exhibiting the highest potency. This formulation achieved an IC50 value of 331.29 nM, representing a 48.39% reduction in the IC50 compared to free PTX. These findings demonstrate that optimizing the PEG spacer length is a critical strategy for overcoming steric hindrance and maximizing receptor-mediated endocytosis. The FA-PEG (4000)-SLN architecture represents a highly effective and promising platform for the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to solid tumors.

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 Keywords

solid lipid nanoparticles; paclitaxel; nanocarriers; breast cancer

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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ABSTRACT : This paper examines the portrayal of women in contemporary arts and culture, focusing on how modernism and evolving societal norms have influenced this depiction. By exploring literature, visual arts, cinema, and digital media, the study identifies patterns and challenges traditional stereotypes, emphasizing the transition from objectification to empowerment. The paper also highlights the role of feminist movements and globalization in shaping contemporary representations of women.

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Key words: Feminism, Empowerment, Intersectionality, Gender Norms, Representation

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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E-commerce is a profession in a business that will determine in the future that E-commerce brings world pattern shifts for trading. E-commerce shows uninterrupted business growth in Gujarat. Sponsored by online user support and mobile phone presentation, e-commerce has seen impressive growth in Gujarat over the past few years. This area is scheduled to measure the higher altitude, allowing Gujarat's demographic dividend and increasing internet facilities. However, the overall retailing opportunity is widespread; this region is surrounded by some serious challenges in Gujarat. The current study is to describe the current situation of the e-commerce in Gujarat and the future development. Analyze the current trends of e-commerce in Gujarat and examine e-commerce competitions and events in Gujarat.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

E-Commerce, CAGR, Online Retail, Increasing Internet Users, Electronic Fund Transfer, Economic Growth

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Kaali Zeeri (Centratherum anthelminticum (L.) Kuntze), also known bitter cumin, is a medicinal plant with a long history of use in traditional medicine systems, particularly in Unani practices. This comprehensive review synthesizes data from classical Unani text and modern scientific literature, electronic database such as PubMed, Science direct and google scholar. This review examines the botanical characteristics, phytochemical composition, traditional applications and modern scientific validation of Kaali Zeeri's therapeutic properties. Kaali Zeeri demonstrates significant pharmacological potential in managing various conditions including diabetes, skin disorders, parasitic infections and inflammatory conditions. Recent research has provided scientific validation for many of its traditional uses, particularly its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties. This review also addresses safety considerations, dosage forms and future research directions for this important medicinal plant.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Centratherum anthelminticum, Kaali Zeeri, Unani medicine

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Diabetes Mellitus, Lifestyle Modification, Structured Teaching Programme, Client Education, Knowledge

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition