Volume 12 | Issue 9 |

 Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the properties of Bacterial concrete for constructional purposes. In addition to concrete, bacteria named BACILLUS SUBTILIS (along with its nutrients) is added to attain more strength than conventional concrete and to improve properties of concrete. Aim of the study is to test and analyse compressive strength of concrete cubes, optimum dosage of bacteria used and to study properties of cracked specimens by introducing Bacillus Subtilis, which is uratolytic, gram positive (spore forming bacteria), and facultative aerobic. Mechanism: Bacteria convert Calcium (which is present in concrete) as Lime in the presence of oxygen and moisture content. From above mechanism, we analysed that strength of concrete cubes increases, and cracks are healed by itself i.e., it has a self-healing property due to incorporation of bacillus species.

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Bacillus Subtilis, Bacterial Concrete, Compressive Strength, Scanning Electron Microscope

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The right to health and hygiene of prisoners represents a critical dimension of human rights within the criminal justice system. While imprisonment curtails personal liberty, it does not divest individuals of their fundamental rights, particularly the right to life and dignity under Article 21 . This paper examines the constitutional, statutory, and judicial framework that safeguards the health and hygiene of inmates in Indian prisons. It analyses relevant fundamental rights and directive principles, highlighting how judicial interpretation has transformed prison healthcare into a justiciable entitlement. Key legislations, such as the Prisons Act, and policy documents, including the Model Prison Manual, are explored to evaluate the adequacy of existing provisions. The study also engages with landmark judgments, where the Supreme Court expanded the ambit of Article 21 to include medical treatment, nutrition, and humane conditions in prisons. Despite these developments, systemic challenges such as overcrowding, inadequate medical infrastructure, poor sanitation, malnutrition, and neglect of mental health continue to hinder the realisation of this right. Drawing upon reports of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) and the Law Commission of India, the paper underscores the need for comprehensive reforms. Recommendations focus on legislative updates, infrastructural improvements, gender-sensitive healthcare, and alignment with international standards such as the UN Mandela Rules and Bangkok Rules. Ensuring prisoners' right to health and hygiene is indispensable to upholding human dignity and reinforcing India's commitment to constitutionalism and justice.

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Prisoners' Rights, Health and Hygiene, Article 21, Prison Reform, Human Dignity

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 Abstract

Mannu Bhandari Ke Katha Sahitya Mein Aadhunik Parivesh : Ek Adhyayan

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Mannu Bhandari Ke Katha Sahitya Mein Aadhunik Parivesh : Ek Adhyayan

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LinkedIn is known as one of the most fast-growing social media networks and a powerful platform for B2B marketing. It effectively builds a solidly professional network that every business is seeking and already becomes an inevitable part of digital marketing. The number of its users is over 600 million by 2019 and still growing. Additionally, 46% of the social media traffic to B2B company sites is from LinkedIn. Marketers have undervalued LinkedIn for a long time, but now it is getting a lot of traction, especially in B2B marketing. It is evident because since Microsoft acquired LinkedIn, it has grown massively in terms of users and business-friendly features that empower marketers to generate better ROI on marketing investments.

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B2B Marketing, LinkedIn Engagement, content, leads, Social media

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This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in enhancing problem-solving skills among secondary school students. With the rapid integration of AI in educational environments globally, the research explored not just the general impact of AI usage, but also how specific types of AI tools contribute to various dimensions of problem-solving, including problem identification, information analysis, strategy formulation, solution execution, and reflection & evaluation. A sample of 100 secondary school students was divided based on their exposure to AI tools such as Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), Simulations, Gamified Learning Tools, Adaptive Assessment Platforms and Educational Chatbots. Quantitative analysis methods including descriptive statistics, t-tests, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis were used to assess skill development. The results revealed that students who frequently used AI tools scored significantly higher on all dimensions of problem-solving than those who did not. The strongest correlations were found between AI tool usage and strategy formulation (r = 0.658), followed by information analysis and problem identification. Regression analysis showed that ITS and Simulations were the most powerful predictors of problem-solving success, explaining over 40% of the variance in some dimensions. Gamification was especially effective for strategy building, while Simulations and Chatbots helped improve metacognitive reflection. Notably, gender-wise analysis showed no statistically significant differences in performance, although female students showed slightly higher mean scores across all dimensions. The study concluded that AI tools serve not only as instructional supports but also as cognitive partners that meaningfully enhance problem-solving skills. Based on these findings, the study recommends integrating AI-driven platforms into the secondary curriculum, training teachers in AI pedagogy, and conducting further research through longitudinal and qualitative methods. The study supports the global educational shift toward digital intelligence and personalized learning, emphasizing the critical role AI can play in preparing students for 21st-century challenges.

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ROLE OF AI TOOLS IN DEVELOPING PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

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The world has become a global village since the emergence of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) under the concept of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG) in 1990's. A tremendous development has taken place globally as the States have invited the private players in all fields of developmental works. India not being an exception, has adopted the PPP model by which, today, India is able to witness the world class international airports in Hyderabad and Bangalore. The author taking the opportunity of India's coastal length of 11,098.81 Kms, focuses on the development of "water aerodromes" for seaplane operations in India. The important element of aviation in popularity of the seaplane can be traced to a combination of operational, performance and economic characteristics which can revolutionize the nation's regional connectivity to remote locations. As airports and airlines are economic engines for a nation, likewise water aerodromes and seaplanes are pivotal to remote regional connectivity, remote access, tourism, search and rescue operations. India being endowed with a lengthy coastline of 11098.91 km can be used at an optimum level including the establishment of water aerodromes through PPP model and the seaplanes paving way for a new way to travel with huge impetus to tourism, allied sectors and employment. Hence, the author focuses on introducing the PPP Model Water Aerodromes for Seaplane operations in India, its viability; optimum use of Indian coast line; various mechanisms of PPP; regulatory legal framework international and domestic; role of Ministry of Civil Aviation; requirement of infrastructure for the development of water aerodromes; emerging legal issues along with the challenges ahead followed by suggestions and conclusion.

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PPP, LPG, Aviation

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E-Banking services have revolutionized the financial industry by enabling customers to access banking services through digital platforms. The rapid advancement of technology, particularly in Artificial Intelligence (AI), Block chain, and Fin-Tech, has significantly transformed banking operations, improving efficiency, security, and accessibility. However, E-Banking also faces several challenges, including cyber security threats, digital fraud, regulatory compliance, and technological adaptation. This study provides a comprehensive review of literature on E-Banking services, exploring their evolution, major trends, challenges, and future opportunities. The research aims to identify gaps in existing studies, emphasizing the need for more robust security measures, policy reforms, and enhanced financial inclusion. Through an in-depth review of academic literature, industry reports, and banking case studies, the paper highlights key findings regarding customer adoption, technological integration, and risk mitigation strategies. The study also proposes recommendations for policymakers, financial institutions, and technology providers to enhance the efficiency and security of E-Banking services. Ultimately, the paper concludes that the future of digital banking lays in continuous technological innovation, regulatory adaptation, and strengthened cyber security frameworks, ensuring a secure and customer-centric banking ecosystem.

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E-Banking, Digital Banking, Cyber security, Fin-Tech, AI in Banking, Online Transactions, Financial Inclusion, Regulatory Compliance, Block chain Technology, Open Banking

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The Son River Basin in Sonbhadra District, Uttar Pradesh, has a important role to play in the region's environmental dynamics and hydrology. The present work presents a comprehensive analysis of different parameters of the morphometry of the Son River Basin, employing advanced geo-spatial techniques. In the present paper, digital elevation model was processed to delineate the basin's boundaries and extract various parameters of morphometry such as stream order, stream length, drainage density, basin relief, contour, slope-aspect, and watershed shape. The analysis provides important observation regarding the characteristics of morphometry of Son river basin and aids in understanding its geomorphological evolution. According to the study, the Son basin in the Sonbhadra region has a perimeter of 438.50 km and a surface area of 3214 km2. The basin is 896.15 km long and contains six orders of stream. The basin's drainage density is 0.7 km/km2 while stream frequency is 0.36 km2, relief ratio is 9.38, mean bifurcation ratio is 4.04. Other parameters are also processed and calculated using suitable techniques.

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Morphometry, GIS, Drainage Basin, Digital Elevation Model, Son River

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The idea behind sustainable development is that the cost to the environment which is caused by the growth process should be taken care of by the growth process itself. Environment has both micro and macro aspects. An important thing is to take care of the local ecological balance. Till date India has no index to measure environmental aspects. Also, this index should include not only environmental factors but also should have growth and development dimensions otherwise in today's world it would be meaningless. In furtherance to this objective, this study tries to construct an index to gauge individual states' socio-economic and environmental dimensions.

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sustainable development; Socio-Economic; environmental dimensions

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Abstract: The paper examines the experiences of Odia migrant labourers employed at Pondicherry University, India. It investigates their socioeconomic conditions, migration patterns, challenges faced and coping mechanisms within the university environment. Employing qualitative research methods such as in-depth interviews, participant observation and document analysis, this study explores the factors that motivate Odia individuals to migrate to Pondicherry. The findings of this research contribute to a deeper understanding of the experiences of the migrant laborers in academic institutions highlighting the complexities of their lives and the significance of addressing their needs and concerns for a more inclusive and equitable university environment.

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The Odia Migrant Labourers in Pondicherry University: A Sociological Study

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