Volume 12 | Issue 8 |

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As people's daily behavioral activities become more data-based, how to protect personal information security is a crucial consideration for the whole society. Fingervein recognition is becoming an essential means of identification because of its uniqueness, live detection, security, and many other advantages. Although deep learning can make fingervein recognition have an excellent effect. However, the number of samples needed to build a deep network model is too large, and the current authoritative fingervein database cannot reach the minimum number of samples required. The emergence of Multi-Grained Cascade Forest provides a solution to the problem of insufficient sample data and long training time, which can give a new research avenue in feature extraction. In order to obtain higher accuracy, the deep forest algorithm is introduced in this paper to process the finger vein images. Firstly, the image data in the fingervein image database is pre- processed to prepare for the subsequent feature extraction and matching. Then, the deep forest algorithm is used to find the feature points used to match the features to obtain the angular information of each matched pair, and the final identity is determined according to the sparse distribution of angles.

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Deep Learning , Data

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Wearing a safety helmet while working is crucial for protecting workers from head injuries, which can range from mild to severe. In construction sites, workers are often exposed to hazardous materials, dangerous machinery, and other potential hazards that can cause head injury. A safety helmet can help to prevent head injuries by absorbing the impact of a falling object or other traumatic force. This paper to develop a deep learning- based system for detecting the presence and proper wear of construction workers safety helmets. The presented method uses the CNN algorithm that is based on Convolutional Neural Networks. The system will be trained on a large dataset of annotated images to accurately recognize and classify various types of safety helmets and their proper wear. This system has the potential to significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of construction safety inspections, reducing the risk of head injuries and promoting a safer working environment.

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Deep Learning, Data

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The process of economic development is crucially dependent upon the availability of timely and cost-effective credit for production purposes. It is observed that in developing countries, lack of credit is the main cause of untapped entrepreneurial skills and low levels of income and standards of living. It has been a long-held view that the rural masses are unbankable customers and hence the formal credit providing institutions like the commercial banks were not ready to lend these customers, numerous in number, but insignificant in the amounts they deal with. It is generally held that the transaction costs of these accounts would be far greater than the business that can be generated. Thus, many of the poor families in rural, semi-urban, and urban areas were forced to depended on the informal sector for their credit needs, both for production and consumption purposes. This entailed higher interest rates, stringent repayment conditions, which often resulted in the loss of assets when the borrowers failed to make the repayments. In section II of the paper, we explain the genesis of the microfinance institutions, and important milestones in their development in India during 2010 and 2022. Section III discusses the SHG-Bank Linkage Programme initiated to strengthen the microfinance movement in India. Section IV explains the regional dimensions of this programme and the lacune therein. Section V explains the development of SHG-Bank Linkage programme in the state of Andhra Pradesh. Section VI concludes.

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Micro Finance: SHG-Bank Link Programme- Some Analytical Issues

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The women constitute not only half the world population but also sway the growth of the remaining half. They produce half the world food supply and account for 60 per cent of the working force but comprise only about 30 per cent of the official labour force, receive benefits of only 10 per cent of the world economy and surprisingly own less than 1 per cent of the world real estate. They have little access to productive resources and negligible control over family income. This discrimination is the result of the gender bias malpractices prevalent in Indian societies. There are cases of female foetus termination, killing the girl child at birth, less nutrition, medical care, education and freedom due to preference for the male child, marriage before puberty, dowry death, legal discrimination, professions exclusively earmarked for men, precarious widow life, etc. while such practices and activities are prevalent in Indian society, they are fortunality not the lot of every Indian women and are confined to certain communities and section of society. The women form a nation's significant human resource. The women are now ready to do all business and enter all professions like trade, industry, engineering etc. The role and participation of women are recognized and steps are being taken for the promotion of women entrepreneurship, the women must be shaped up properly with other entrepreneurial traits and skills to face the challenges of world markets, meet the changes in the trends, be competent enough to sustain and strive for excellence in the entrepreneurial field.

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Role of Self Help Groups in Financial Empowerment in Andhra Pradesh

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The Andhras and the Andhra rulers, since ancient times, showed unsatiable keenness and care in fostering trade, commerce and industry. `` Andhra Desa and the Andhras``, states V. Yosodadevi, had a profound role in moulding India culture through the ages. Andhras` contribution in the making of Greater India is nothing short of a marvel. The trade and commerce and maritime activities of the Andhras started as early as the seventh century B.C. and continued upto the beginning of the nineteenth century. They enjoyed their heydays under the Andhra Satavahanas, the Kakatiyas, the Reddis, the Rayas (Vijayanagara kings) and the Qutub-shahis through normal conditions prevailed under the Iksvakus, the Salankayanas and the Vengi Chalukyas.1 A brief survey of the trade, commerce and industry of the Andhras through the ages in general and that of the period under our consideration in particular is essential to understand in proper perspective the corporate activities of the guilds.

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MARITIME TRADE AND COMMERCE IN MEDIEVAL ANDHRA FROM 10th TO 15th CENTURY A.D.

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The digital Rupee or E-Rupee is tokenised digital version of Indian Rupee, issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as a central bank digital currency (CBDC). The Digital Rupee was proposed in January 2017 by a inter-ministerial committee. It was formed under the Department of Economic Affairs in Ministry of Finance and recommended a digital form of fiat currency. The Department of Financial Services of MoF (Metal Organic Form), Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology and the RBI were invited to look into legal and technological development of CBDC. After RBI announcing sandbox to test next generation technologies to benefit the financial ecosystem, the Indian Government proposed a bill to ban trading and investments in crypto currencies while giving legal power to RBI for developing CBDC. As per the Currency and Finance Report of 2021 released by RBI, CBDC backed by the sovereign must promote non-anonymity transactions and financial inclusion by direct transfers. Even though RBI was planned to trial the initial stage of CBDC from December 2021, the Government of India worked on amendments of The coinage Act(2011), FEMA Act (1999), IT Act( 2000) and Crypto currency and Regulation of Official Digital Currency Bill, 2021 to govern CBDC in the economy. National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) in association with Department of Financial Services (DFS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), National Health Authority (NHA) and partner banks, together associated in the development of 'e- RUPI'. The pilot in this whole background, known as the Digital Rupee or E-Rupee was launched on 1 November 2022. The launch of the digital rupee represents a significant advancement in the "Digital India" revolution.

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E-RUPI

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Cryptocurrency, also called crypto, form of currency that exists digitally or virtually. It uses cryptography to secure transactions. Cryptocurrencies don't have a central issuing or regulating authority such as RBI.It uses a decentralized system to record transactions and issue new units. Cryptocurrency is a digital payment system that doesn't rely on banks to verify transactions. It's a peer-to-peer system that can enable anyone anywhere to send and receive payments. There is no physical (P2P) money carried around and exchanged in the real world, cryptocurrency payments exist purely as digital entries to an online database describing specific transactions. When you transfer cryptocurrency funds, the transactions are recorded in a public ledger. Cryptocurrency is stored in digital wallets.

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A STUDY ON CRYPTOCURRENCIES AND ITS EXCHANGES IN INDIA

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Behavioral Finance just as the name suggests, yes it basically deals with how typically human beings behave when it comes to handling different financial decisions. However, it is not that simple and as such, there is an entire subject dedicated to behavioural finance. But, strangely the subject was not officially recognized only until the year 2002 when Daniel Kahneman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. He is one of the founding fathers of behavioural finance. The mere ignorance of the subject per se until so late speaks volume about strong human behavioural bias. Unlike a classical financial theory, behavioural finance expects individuals to be more influenced by their emotions or reasonable biases rather than taking the rational approach. There are a large number of brains who are not quite willing to accept this discipline as it is often found to be more complex, instinctive, abstract etc. Further, the denial for the discipline is also because it can create doubt in the minds of many about the decisions of sophisticated investors and professional advisors. Behavioral finance suggests that the structure of information and characteristics of participants of the market can play an essential role in the decision making of the investor as well as the overall outcome of the market. Behavioral Finance is about making the right decisions that are free from any kind of biases and errors. It helps in understanding investor behavior better and helps in improving the financial capability of individuals.

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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TRADITIONAL FINANCE AND BEHAVIOUR FINANCE

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Steel plays a significant part in the construction industry. Being the skeleton of the design, it provides fundamental support and strength. Steel is a mixture of iron, carbon, and a variety of other elements. They feature great tensile strength and structural integrity, making them one-of-a-kind. Steel is highly regarded for its long-term durability that contributes to prolonging shelf life.India has been known for its steel and iron production and it has been ranked in 2ndposition in global manufacturing in terms of steel production and export. It is a fact that steel is one of the most important facts in the infrastructure growth of a country and India is one of the best examples. In 2023, India produced 128.15 million tonnes (MT) of crude steel, up 12.1% year-on-year. Steel has an employment multiplier effect of 6.8x while it has an output multiplier effect of 1.4x. Further, India has now overtaken Japan to become the world's second largest producer of crude steel, producing more than 100 MT of it each year. Steel now contributes about 2% to India's GDP and employs some 6 lakh people directly and 20 lakh people indirectly. Against this background, the researcher has made an attempt to analyse the liquidity and solvency analysis of the top 5 steel companies in India. For the analysis purpose, ratio analysis and CAGR is used. This paper includes five sections, FirstSection gives Introduction, Review of literature, objective of the study, Research methodology. SecondSectionConceptual background. ThirdSectionserves brief profile of selected top 5 steel companies in India. FourthSection consists of Results and Analysis. And the Fifth & last sectionprovides findings and suggestions.

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LIQUIDITY ANALYSIS OF SELECT STEEL COMPANIES IN INDIA

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The changes in the financial and job landscapes have changed how people handle their assets and careers. Two examples of the marriage between dematerialization and moonlighting also highlight some new ways in which technology, labor flexibility, and economic behavior have begun to intersect. Dematerialization : The process of converting physical securities and shares into an electronic form. Moving from paper certificates to digital records has significantly simplified the financial sector and consequently made access, security, efficiency better. No, it is not moonlighting. Also, the trend has been fueled by the fast-growing Gig economy and remote work opportunities which have allowed professionals to earn from multiple sources as well as diversify their skills.

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A Comparative Study on Dematerialization and Moonlighting in Modern Work Environment

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