Volume 12 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

General anesthesia is a medically induced state of unconsciousness, characterized by lack of pain sensation (analgesia), immobility, muscle relaxation, and amnesia. It is used during the surgical procedures to ensure that the patient does not experience pain and does not remember the surgery. On October 16, 1846, William T. G. Morton successfully demonstrated the use of ether as an anaesthetic at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. This event is often considered the public debut of surgical anesthesia. (Miller RD and Eriksson L I., 2009). Importance of airway management is crucial during general anesthesia to ensure that adequate ventilation and oxygenation is maintained throughout the procedure. Without proper airway management, there is a risk of hypoxia (lack of oxygen), hypercapnia (excess carbon dioxide), and potential airway obstruction, which can lead to severe complications, including brain damage and death. The primary goal of airway management is to maintain an open airway to facilitate the gas exchange. According to the American Society of Anaesthesiologist' s guidelines, this involves techniques ranging from simple face masks to the advanced procedures like endotracheal intubation and the use of supraglottic devices. During general anesthesia, the protective airway reflexes are suppressed, increasing the risk of the aspiration of the gastric contents into the lungs. Proper airway management includes the use of endotracheal tubes to prevent potentially life- threatening complications. (Brady K et al., 2013). SAD have gained popularity in the anaesthetic practice due to their several advantages over the ETT. These advantages include the ease of use, reduced trauma, and lower incidence of certain complications. SAD are generally easier and quicker to insert as compared to the ETT especially in the cases where endotracheal intubation may be challenging. This can be particularly beneficial in emergency situations or for the practitioners with less experience in the advanced airway management. The insertion of SAD typically results in less trauma to the airway as compared to the ETT. This is because supraglottic airway device do not pass through the vocal cords, thus reducing the risk of damage to these structures. This leads to fewer postoperative complications such as sore throat, hoarseness, and injury to the airway. (Patel B and Bhattacharya P., 2014). SAD are generally better tolerated by the patients during the emergence from anesthesia. This can result in a smoother recovery phase and a reduction in coughing and agitation upon waking. (Brimacombe J et al., 2002). The LMA Classic and LMA ProSeal are both supraglottic airway devices typically utilized in anesthesia practice to facilitate air flow and keep the airway open at some point. Both LMA Classic and LMA ProSeal are valuable gears in anesthesia exercise, imparting alternatives tailored to unique surgical necessities. The preference among them relies upon the elements such as the nature of the surgical procedure, patient condition, and airway control. (Evan NR and Efrat et al., 2002). Supraglottic airway devices have revolutionized the airway management in the anesthesia practice by offering advantages such as ease of insertion, reduced risk of airway injury, and maintenance of a clear airway during surgery. Among these devices, the laryngeal mask airway is one of the most commonly used, SAD with versions like the LMA Classic and LMA ProSeal designed to improve the airway seal and reduce the risk of aspiration. The LMA-Classic, introduced in the late 1980s, quickly gained popularity due to its ease of use, rapid insertion, and lower incidence of airway trauma. However, the development of the LMA- ProSeal, with its dual lumen design and enhanced sealing capabilities, promised to address some of the limitations of its predecessor, such as the risk of aspiration and inadequate ventilation. (Chauhan G et al., 2013).

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 Keywords

Laryngeal Mask Airway , lower abdominal, perineal surgeries. General anaesthesia,

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Emotional intelligence (EI) is most often defined as the ability to perceive, use, understand, manage, and handle emotions. People with high emotional intelligence can recognize their own emotions and those of others, use emotional information to guide thinking and behavior, discern between different feelings and label them appropriately, and adjust emotions to adapt to environments.

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Emotional intelligence (EI)

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The present paper looks into the vocational education of India and China in a comparative perspective. India and China are two of world's fastest developing economies. Vocational education is an important part of any country's educational system. In the context of economic development of a nation, proper implementation of vocational education becomes all the more important. China has an expansive and diversified vocational education which has played significant role in its developing economy. India too is placing emphasis on vocational aspect of its education which is quite evident from 11th and 12th five-year plans also. This paper tries to look into various aspects of vocational education of the two countries. The focus is on the structure, need, problems and achievements of vocational education in both countries. The comparative study of the two countries in respect of their vocational education is especially significant in terms of the lessons that can be drawn from the China's comparatively successful VET system for India.

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Vocational Education, Skill Development, NEP 2020

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Bearing capacity evaluations of shallow foundations in the case of spatially variable soils are currently used primarily for two- dimensional analysis. One of the reasons for this situation is numerical efficiency, which limits the use of three-dimensional finite element formulations for random analyses. However, recent attempts have been made to solve such issues, Moreover, most existing probabilistic methods have been applied to single-layered soil. However, from an engineering perspective, two- layered soil is also a highly probable situation. An especially important situation is when the bottom layer is a soft soil and the top layer is a strong soil. This scenario has been extensively examined in the case of deterministic analyses however, there have been very few studies on random analyses of two- layered soil. It is worth mentioning that, it is possible to perform these types of two-dimensional analyses.In the present study soil exploration has been executed in the two fields at two locations. Undisturbed & Disturbed soil samples has been collected up to the maximum depth of 25 m below ground level for each of the two locations. The locations are Hedua (Site - 1) and Canning (Site - 2) which are situated in Kolkata. Engineering Properties of soil samples has been determined by routine tests from two above mentioned sites and further evaluation has been made for the types of foundation required for a (G+3) storied building. The ultimate bearing capacity, safe bearing capacity, safe load and corresponding settlement analysis of different shallow foundations has been made. Further model study has been executed by finite element analysis using PLAXIS 3D software for the pre-decided foundation dimension and ultimately a comparative study has been made between those capacities and corresponding settlement for two different locations used in the present study with the values obtained from finite element analysis obtained from PLAXIS 3D.

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BEARING CAPACITY OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION BY IS CODE METHOD AND PLAXIS 3D ANALYSIS

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The Mahabharata myth has spread across most regions of India in various versions and variations. The epic Mahabharata is presented as a local myth reflecting the cultural elements of the respective region by mixing with the local cultural elements or absorbing the local cultural elements into itself at the regional level. In that sense, the Mahabharata myth has had an impact on the folk worship system in Tamil Nadu. Draupadi Amman worship is a widely performed folk form of worship in north Tamil Nadu. The cult of Draupadi is performed by the performing arts known as "Therukoothu" and by the rituals of "Aravan Sacrifice" and the "Navadhania seedling". According to MN Srinivasan, "Contrary to the claim that folk deities become sanskritic and become classical deities, worship of draupadi came from a classical character in the folk tradition. The scholar Alf Hiltebeitil, who studied the worship of Draupadi, called Draupadi worship a part of Hinduism. But the rituals performed in the worship of Draupadi Amman are agrarian rituals. The story of The Mahabharata, which took place in the North Indian region, became the deity of a particular ethnic group in Tamil Nadu, the worship practices of Draupadi character of Mahabharata and the impact of the story of Mahabharata on Tamil society are discussed in this paper.

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Droupathiyamman worship, Mahabharatha, Folk Religion, Fertility Rituals, Sanskritation

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Face detection has emerged as a critical area in image processing and computer vision, with significant advancements driven by convolutional neural networks (CNNs). This study introduces an innovative approach to enhanced face detection using CNNs and sophisticated image analysis techniques. The proposed method focuses on developing a binary face classifier capable of detecting faces in any orientation or alignment within an image. Leveraging the predefined training weights of the VGG-16 architecture, the approach extracts intricate pixel-level features from images of various sizes. The training process employs Fully Convolutional Networks (FCNs) for semantic segmentation, effectively isolating faces from the background in the input images. Gradient Descent is utilized for optimizing the model during training, while Binomial Cross Entropy serves as the loss function. Post-processing steps are incorporated to eliminate noise and minimize false positives, ensuring accurate face detection. Bounding boxes are generated around the detected faces to facilitate further analysis. This system, built using OpenCV, Keras, and TensorFlow, applies deep learning and computer vision principles to detect faces in both static images and real-time video streams. The proposed approach outperforms existing techniques in accuracy, robustness, and efficiency, contributing to more reliable and precise face detection systems.

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Face Detection, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Fully Convolutional Networks (FCNs), VGG-16 Architecture, Image Segmentation, Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Real-time Detection, Noise Reduction, Bounding Boxes.

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As social media usage rises, unethical activities like defamation, spreading hatred, and sharing pornography have become easier due to easy accessibility. This study examines text mining methods for better feature extraction and further employs machine learning to classify comments by toxicity. Results present a comparing among SVM, RNN and BERT. Three models were developed, trained on a Jigsaw's Kaggle dataset, and evaluated using a large set of labeled comments. The BERT model achieved an accuracy of 92.32% and an F1-score of 0.952571.

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BERT, Recurrent Neural Network, Text mining, Toxic text classification, Text classification

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Anamika Ki Kavitao Me Stree Vimarsh

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Anamika Ki Kavitao Me Stree Vimarsh

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Due to their extensive investigation over the past 20 years, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have opened up new avenues for energy research since they are more efficient, affordable, and simple to use than inorganic-based solar cells. Due to their toxicity, metal complexes in cell design and the sustainability implications of continued fast development provide the biggest problems. The dyes are taken from botanical sources, including fruits, flowers, bark, petals, roots, leaves, and beans of plants, in order to get around the issues with metal complexes. These organic dyes are widely suited for DSSC because they are nontoxic, affordable, abundant, environmentally benign, and simple to extract. Readers can gain an understanding of how different semiconductors, solvents, light-harvesting pigments, types of electrolytes, and the addition of specific polymeric or nanomaterials to counter electrodes can affect solar cell efficiency by reading this review. Additionally, the effects that other researchers have documented on solar cell parameters, such the efficiency of DSSC, are critically studied in relation to methodology, processing temperature, and pH of the medium during synthesis.

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Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs), Dyes, Electrolytes, Natural Sensitizers.

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The purpose of the present study was to find out the impact of mental rehearsal intervention programme on selected psychomotor and game skill variables among women basketball players. To achieve the purpose of the present study, twenty women basketball players from the Providence women's college, Calicut were selected as subjects at random and their age ranged between 18 and 23 years. The subjects were randomly divided in to two equal groups namely experimental (Mental Rehearsal) and control group (CG). The experimental group underwent Mental Rehearsal intervention programme for three days a week for a period of 6 weeks in addition to their regular training program. The control group was not exposed to any experimental training. Before the intervention programme pretest was conducted to assess the psychomotor variables namely differentiation ability, orientation ability and reaction ability and game skill variables namely passing, shooting and dribbling. Differentiation ability was measured using medicine ball throw, orientation ability assessed using numbered medicine ball test reaction and reaction ability was measured using ball reaction exercise test. The game skills variables were assessed using AAHPERD Basketball skills test battery for females for both the groups. After the experimental training period of 6 weeks, the post test was conducted. To find out the significant improvement suitable statistical tool was applied and the level of significance was tested at 0.05 level. It was concluded that there was significant improvement on selected psychomotor variables namely differentiation ability, orientation ability and reaction ability also it was concluded that the game skill variables passing, shooting and dribbling had no significant improvement.

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 Keywords

Mental Rehearsal, Psychomotor and Game Skill

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