Volume 13 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

This study explores the traditional barter system practiced by the Monpa community in Zemithang Circle, Tawang district, Arunachal Pradesh - a border region historically linked to Tibet and Bhutan. Drawing on oral histories from elders and field interviews, it traces the evolution, items exchanged such as mar (butter) and churpi( cheese) for grains and salt, trade routes via Kenzamane to Tsona, and service exchanges like labour during harvests( Blanpa/Lakpar) and ritual payments. The system fostered social cohesion amid geographical challenges but faced limitations including double coincidence of wants, unequal bargaining, and exploitation by officials. Despite transitioning to a monetary economy, barter's cultural echoes persist in community rituals, highlighting its role in economic survival and reciprocity.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Barter System, Monpa community, Zemithang Circle, Indo-Tibet trade, Oral histories.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The Goods and Services Tax (GST), introduced in India on 1 July 2017, represents one of the most significant reforms in the country's indirect tax architecture. Designed to replace a complex web of state and central taxes, GST aimed to create a unified tax system, reduce the cascading effect of taxes, improve transparency, and promote ease of doing business. This research article examines how the implementation of GST has influenced consumer pricing, inflation dynamics, consumer awareness, and spending behavior across various sectors in India. The analysis synthesizes findings from recent academic studies, working papers, and sectoral research.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Goods and Service Tax (GST), Consumer Pricing, Indirect Tax Reform, Price Level Changes, Tax Incidence

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Political leadership plays a pivotal role in shaping governance effectiveness in democratic systems, particularly in a diverse and federal country like India. This study examines the relationship between political leadership and governance effectiveness by empirically analyzing leadership practices, decision-making processes, and their influence on governance outcomes. The research focuses on key dimensions of governance such as transparency, accountability, public service delivery, policy implementation, and citizen trust. Using empirical evidence drawn from secondary data sources, governance indicators, and existing studies, the paper highlights how leadership quality, stability, and ethical orientation significantly affect governance performance across regions. The findings reveal that effective political leadership contributes to improved administrative efficiency, better utilization of public resources, and enhanced citizen satisfaction, while weak or unstable leadership leads to policy inconsistency and governance gaps. The study also observes that leadership-driven digital governance initiatives have strengthened transparency and service delivery, though regional disparities persist due to variations in leadership capacity and institutional support. The research underscores the importance of collaborative leadership between political executives and bureaucracy for achieving sustainable governance outcomes. The study concludes that strengthening leadership capacity and promoting evidence-based decision-making are essential for enhancing governance effectiveness in India. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, administrators, and scholars concerned with democratic governance and leadership reforms.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Political Leadership, Governance Effectiveness, Public Administration, Democratic Governance, India

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract The evolution of constitutional law in emerging democracies reflects a dynamic interplay of political incentives, judicial empowerment, societal pressures, and constitutional design choices. This article examines how constitutional orders in transitional contexts adapt to institutional fragility, elite contestation, socio-economic inequality, and episodes of populist disruption. Drawing on comparative constitutional theory, judicial politics, and empirical illustrations from various regions, the study demonstrates that constitutional law evolves through continuous negotiation between courts, political elites, and civic actors. The article argues that while constitutional courts often serve as stabilizers of democratic governance, their authority remains vulnerable to strategic manipulation, institutional capture, and majoritarian populism. The findings underscore that constitutional evolution is shaped less by textual provisions and more by political culture, institutional independence, and societal mobilization. The study contributes to debates on democratic consolidation by identifying core conditions for constitutional resilience and pathways through which constitutional backsliding emerges and can be countered.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Key Words Comparative Constitutionalism, Democratic Transition, Judicial Review and Constitutional Courts, Constitutional Reform and Amendment Politics, Rule of Law and Democratic Consolidation.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract Education plays a pivotal role in empowering women in India by enhancing their social, economic, and political agency. As a transformative tool, education improves women's access to employment opportunities, promotes financial independence, and contributes to better health and well-being for themselves and their families. It also challenges traditional gender norms, fosters critical thinking, and enables women to participate more actively in decision-making processes both within the household and in society. Despite significant progress through government initiatives and rising literacy rates, barriers such as socio-economic inequalities, early marriage, cultural biases, and limited access to quality education continue to hinder women's full empowerment. Strengthening educational infrastructure, promoting gender-sensitive curricula, and ensuring inclusive policies are essential to unlocking the potential of women and advancing overall national development. This abstract highlights the multifaceted role of education in shaping a more equitable and empowered future for women in India.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Empowerment, Transformative, progressive society, equitable, inter generational and gender equality

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Economics of Education is the interdisciplinary field which tries to apply the economic principles, concepts, laws to the process of education. Economics of education deals with all the issues related to education such as Demand, Investment, Finance and provision and allocation of resources. Investment in education is vital not only from the individual point of view but also from the community and nation as a whole. But it is necessary to deal with commercialization of education with tight policies without affecting the poor and deserving sections of the society. Public funding of education largely characterise it as a public good.The notion of education as a public good underlines the primary responsibility of the State in ensuring the right to education for all, social cohesion and equity. It is important that the State provide the quality education for all and at the same time assures the principles of equity, equality of opportunities, social justice that inspire all education policies. The role of education is very crucial for the development of nation and the values and ethics in education policies is necessary to promote sustainability

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Economics of Education, Public Good, Demand, Investment, Finance, Social Justice.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This article seeks to determine the extent to which yoga instruction with Pranayama increases breath holding capacity in residential school boys. A total of 40 participants from residential school in Bengaluru rural district were randomly divided into 2 (two) groups: Experiment. Group X (YTCP, 20 residential students) underwent yoga training mixed with Pranayama, whereas Group Y (CG, 20 residential students) served as the control group. The pre-test scores were obtained for equal groups using the breath holding time (in seconds) to manually analyze the participants' breath holding procedures. Group-X participated in yoga instruction with Pranayama and particular skill exercises for six times per week continued for eight weeks, while the control group maintained their regular schedule. Following the training session, post-test scores for breath holding capacity were obtained. A paired dependent 't' test and an independent sample 't' test were used to determine the significance of the criterion variable scores at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels of confidence. The data, which were analyzed using SPSS along with MS Excel, demonstrated a substantial variation in breath holding capacity among residential school boys who received yoga asanas with Pranayama. The study reveals that a continuous yoga programme integrating Surya Namaskar, asanas and pranayama exercises improves the breath-holding ability of school children, particularly residential school boys.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Yoga Training, Pranayama, Breath Holding Capacity, Residential school boys.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The growing complexity of clinical trials has necessitated widespread reliance on Contract Research Organizations (CROs) and Functional Service Providers (FSPs) for clinical data management. As trials expand across geographies and technologies, effective sponsor-vendor coordination has become pivotal to ensuring data quality, regulatory compliance, and operational efficiency. An in-depth synthesis of peer-reviewed studies, pilot program data, industry surveys, and benchmarking reports was conducted. The IOPF model was introduced and evaluated through empirical data from real-world trials. Efficient data management in clinical trials requires not just outsourcing, but a strategic transformation in how sponsors and CROs/FSPs interact. The IOPF framework offers a scalable and human-centric approach for future-ready clinical research partnerships

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Clinical Data Management, CRO Collaboration, Regulatory Compliance, Decentralized Trials, Sponsor-Vendor Coordination

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Caring of the aged is one of the most challenging social issues in today's world. The population of elderly in India is shown significant growth from 24.7 million in 1961 to 149 million in 2022. Old age is last stage of human growth and development cycle. After the Globalization and Westernization was adopted in the country the living styles of the people changed a lot. The social institutions like families are broken into nuclear; the traditional values of the families are being neglected, with this the kins of the family members are not showing concern on their elders. With this the elderly people are facing multiple psycho-social challenges. It is estimated that by 2031 the elderly population will reached to 193.4 million and 347 million by 2050. Economical backwardness of the families is one of the most challenging factors in elderly care. With the backwardness the families are need to migrate frequently to other cities, states and even other countries. Leaving the elderly parents at the home causes for mental illness. In other hand with the heavy burden in works the love and affection is missing during the elderly services. This paper focused on what are the challenges faced by the elderly people during the receiving services and what are the difficulties are being faced by the family members in provision of services are being studied.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Elderly, Care, Aged, population, services, challenges, family etc

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of SAQ training combined with asana practice on selected physical fitness variables of basketball players. To achieve the purpose of the present study, forty-five basketball players from PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India were selected as subjects at random and their ages ranged from 18 to 25 years. The subjects were divided into three equal groups of fifteen subjects each. Group I acted as Experimental Group I (SAQ training), Group II acted as Experimental Group II (SAQ training combined with asana practice) and Group III acted as Control Group. The requirement of the experiment procedures, testing as well as exercise schedule was explained to the subjects so as to get full co-operation of the effort required on their part and prior to the administration of the study. It was observed that the twelve weeks of SAQ training with asana practice have significantly improved the selected physical fitness variables than the SAQ training and control group.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

SAQ Training, Asana Practice, Basketball.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition