Volume 13 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

The purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness of Sensory Integration Therapy in improving Gross motor skills among children with Developmental Delay. Method: The study is a Quasi-experimental design with non-equivalent group. A total of 20 samples were divided into experimental and control groups each with 10 participants through convenience sampling. Gross motor skills of the participants were assessed (pre-test) using the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, 2nd edition (PDMS-2). The experimental group underwent intervention for 30-35 minutes per session for 5 days in a week for 12 weeks. The participants in both groups were reassessed (post-test) using the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, 2nd edition (PDMS-2) for the gross motor skills. The pre-test and post-test gross motor skills were analysed and interpreted. Results: This study results shows that there is slight improvement in sum of Standard Scores (SS)and Gross motor quotient (GMQ) in the experimental group before and after intervention with sig.(2 tailed) 0.004. Using the Paired t-test, on comparing the experimental and control groups there is no significant improvement in the experimental group (sig.2 tailed >0.05) providing sensory integration. Conclusion: The study concludes that there is no significant improvement of gross motor skills in children with developmental delay by providing Sensory Integration Therapy.

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 Keywords

Developmental delay, Sensory integration, Gross motor skills

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Chigozie Obioma's The Fishermen literarily explores the negotiation between tradition and modernity in postcolonial Nigeria. The novel, which is set in the 1990s and is told through the experiences of four brothers, combines indigenous beliefs--most notably the prophecy of the madman Abulu--with the cultural and sociopolitical changes brought about by modernization, political upheaval, and Western education. Informed by modernization theory and postcolonial theory--specifically, ideas of hybridity and cultural negotiation--this study uses qualitative textual analysis to find and analyse thematic, symbolic, and narrative strategies that illustrate this cultural interaction. The Fishermen does not present tradition and modernity as mutually exclusive, according to the findings. The book portrays them as adaptive and interdependent forces that challenge binary thinking by influencing social structures and identities. The intersection of these forces is represented narratively by the Omi-Ala River, the prophecy's structure, and the family's breakdown. This study adds to ongoing postcolonial discussions by reorienting the critical focus from conflict to negotiation and providing a comprehensive overview of how modern African fiction both reflects and mediates cultural change. In line with the study's conclusion, other African literary works that examine the changing relationship between the old and the new might benefit from similar frameworks.

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African Literature, The Fishermen, Tradition and Modernity, Obioma, Postcolonial Literature, Hybridity

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Innovation in teaching has emerged as a defining characteristic of effective education in the 21st century. Secondary school teachers, faced with diverse learner needs, technological transformations, and rapidly evolving curricula, must go beyond traditional instructional methods to maintain relevance and impact. This paper explores innovative teaching styles currently adopted by secondary school teachers across various contexts, focusing on approaches that blend creativity, technology integration, learner autonomy, and real-world application. Innovative styles such as flipped classrooms, inquiry-based learning, gamification, blended learning, experiential learning, project-based learning, and cross-disciplinary teaching are examined in detail. The discussion considers how these approaches reshape teacher roles from sole content providers to facilitators, mentors, and designers of learning experiences. Factors influencing the adoption of innovative teaching styles, including institutional support, teacher mindset, and student engagement, are analyzed. Through a synthesis of educational theory, classroom practice examples, and critical reflection, the study underscores that the essence of innovation lies not in novelty alone, but in purposeful alignment between pedagogy, learner needs, and societal demands. The conclusion argues for an adaptive, reflective teaching culture that embraces innovation as an ongoing process, not a one-time reform.

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"An In-depth Exploration of Innovative Teaching Styles Practiced by Senior Secondary School Teachers for Enhancing Student Engagement and Learning Outcomes"

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In disaster management, rapid and precise situational awareness is vital for effective response. This presentation advocates the utilization of fixed-wing drones integrated with advanced technologies to enhance disaster response capabilities. Central to this approach are high-endurance fixed-wing platforms augmented with sensors such as thermal imaging, LIDAR, and acoustic detection, combined with edge computing, AI-driven analytics, and autonomous navigation via SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping). Through the formation of drone swarms and deployment within mesh-networked frameworks, drones can conduct real time aerial surveillance, mapping, search and rescue operations, supply delivery, and facilitation of communication in areas with compromised infrastructure. By showcasing technologies that extend operational range and responsiveness, this presentation underscores the transformative potential of unmanned systems in delivering faster, safer, and more scalable disaster relief.

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Disaster Management, Fixed-Wing Drones, AI, Real-Time Data, Search and Rescue.

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Migration has persistently been a fundamental and multifaceted component of rural economies across India, serving not only as a mechanism to cope with poverty and livelihood insecurities but also as a dynamic socio-economic process influenced by environmental, political, and cultural shifts. This phenomenon unfolds through seasonal, temporary, and permanent movements motivated by the intricate interaction of economic hardships, resource depletion, environmental degradation, and systemic marginalization, particularly impacting tribal populations who remain socially and economically vulnerable. The tribal populations residing in the Sonbhadra district, positioned within the Vindhyan plateau in southeastern Uttar Pradesh, exemplify this persistent migratory dynamic, with migration intricately woven into their socio-economic structures. Sonbhadra's unique socio-ecological landscape, blessed with significant mineral and forest resources, has historically sustained an array of tribal groups such as the Gond, Kharwar, Chero, Baiga, and Panika, traditionally dependent on subsistence agriculture, forest-based occupations, and artisanal livelihoods. However, mounting economic pressures including demographic expansion, environmental degradation, and accelerated industrialization highlighted by extensive coal mining and power projects have severely disrupted these traditional livelihoods. This disturbance has precipitated increased out-migration trends, positioning Sonbhadra as a crucial locus for analyzing migration through a socio-spatial lens with profound ramifications. This study undertakes a comprehensive geographical exploration into the socio-economic facets of migration among Sonbhadra's tribal communities by systematically examining spatial migration patterns, underlying socio-political and economic drivers, migratory destinations, and the consequential effects on income streams, educational achievements, gender relations, cultural continuities, and access to healthcare and social welfare systems. Employing a mixed-method approach combining quantitative census datasets, governmental reports, and ethnographic field research, the analysis reveals the complex duality of migration, which provides essential income and urban exposure counterbalanced by the erosion of cultural cohesion, the amplification of vulnerabilities, and the rise of socio-economic disparities within tribal groups. Additionally, it situates migration within broader theoretical contexts addressing structural inequities, social exclusion, and resilience strategies, thereby illuminating how spatial mobility both challenges and reconstructs indigenous livelihoods and identities. The findings reinforce the necessity for holistic and contextually sensitive policies including inclusive planning, migrant labor rights protection, cultural preservation initiatives, and the development of diverse and sustainable local economic opportunities aimed at empowering tribal populations and mitigating distress-induced migration. Overall, the research contributes significantly to interdisciplinary discourses at the interface of migration studies, tribal development, human geography, and socio-economic policy within the Indian context.

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Migration and its Socio-Economic Impact on Tribal Communities in Sonbhadra District, Uttar Pradesh: A Geographical Study

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Background: Incarcerated women encounter considerable psychological discomfort, characterized by increased hostility and challenges in acclimating to prison life. Correctional facilities very rarely provide therapeutic programs designed for emotional control and behavioral modification. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT), a third-wave intervention, has demonstrated efficacy in promoting self-awareness, diminishing impulsivity, and improving psychological well-being. Objectives: This study is to evaluate the efficacy of MBCT in enhancing Prison adjustment and diminishing aggressive conduct among female convicts at the Aligarh Correctional Facility. The intervention aims to implement mindfulness-based techniques that reduce aggression and foster healthy coping methods within a correctional setting. Results and Discussion: A single-group pre-post design was used with participants completing the intervention and being assessed both before and after the eight-week MBCT program. Quantitative study demonstrated significant improvements in mindfulness (assessed by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire), alongside notable decreases in physical and verbal aggressiveness (evaluated by the Buss-Perry aggressiveness Questionnaire). Enhancements were also noted in psychological adaptation to the jail environment, as assessed by a standardized jail Adjustment Questionnaire. The data indicate that MBCT can significantly diminish maladaptive behavior and improve the aggression level in imprisoned women. Conclusion: MBCT is a viable and effective psychological intervention for enhancing behavioral and emotional adjustment in inmates. Although the results are encouraging, more research employing randomized controlled trials and bigger sample numbers is advisable to validate these findings and investigate long-term outcomes.

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Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, Female inmates, Aggression reduction, Prison adjustment, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ)

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This study explores the pull factors that drive migration, immigration and infiltration from Bangladesh to West Bengal, India. This paper refers that infiltration is mentioned here in two perspectives. Those who are entered in West Bengal, India based on various pull factors. In another, those who are engaged in terrorist activities. After 5th August, the political phenomenon of Bangladesh became more terrible and horrible. Retrospectively, this incident has given bad impact on West Bengal, in case of immigration. The research identifies verity of Migration, such as employment prospects in agriculture, industry, and informal sectors, as key drivers. The proximity of the two regions, along with shared cultural and linguistic ties, also plays a significant role in encouraging migration. Additionally, the availability of better healthcare, education, and living standards in West Bengal compared to rural areas of Bangladesh further strengthens its attractiveness. The historical, social, and political relationships between the two regions contribute to a sense of familiarity and ease for migrants. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of these pull factors.

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Pull Factors, Bangladesh, West Bengal, Cross-border Infiltration, Migration, Impact

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Tissue culture techniques play a crucial role in the conservation and propagation of endemic and endangered plant species. In vitro propagation offers a sustainable approach to preserving genetic diversity, overcoming propagation limitations, and restoring threatened plant populations. This study explores various tissue culture methods, including micropropagation, somatic embryogenesis, and organogenesis, to facilitate the rapid multiplication of rare species under controlled conditions. Tissue culture techniques provide an effective strategy for propagating endemic and endangered plant species, addressing challenges such as low seed viability and slow growth. This study found that direct organogenesis using nodal and shoot tip explants was the most efficient method for propagating species like Pterocarpus santalinus and Syzygium alternifolium, with high shoot induction rates (85% in P. santalinus on MS medium with 1.5 mg/L BAP). Additionally, somatic embryogenesis proved successful in Syzygium alternifolium (65% embryo maturation) and Terminalia pallida, demonstrating its potential for large-scale propagation. Rooting success was highest in P. santalinus (80% with 1.0 mg/L IBA), and the greenhouse survival rate reached 85%, confirming the effectiveness of the acclimatization protocol. Compared to traditional propagation, tissue culture enables mass production of genetically uniform, disease-free plants while overcoming seed dormancy and ensuring conservation. The successful field establishment (70-78% survival in reforestation sites) underscores the ecological relevance of in vitro propagation. This research supports ex situ conservation efforts and aligns with global biodiversity initiatives, offering a viable strategy for restoring threatened plant populations.

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Pterocarpus santalinus (Red Sandalwood), Syzygium alternifolium, Terminalia pallida,agriculture, horticulture, forestry, and conservation biology.

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Material strengthening that occurs during cold forming is an important means for increasing the stability of car body components. For this reason, different types of steel have been developed with increased strengthening potential in recent decades. A general problem occurs, if cold-formed components are joined by welding, since the welding locally resets the elaborately adjusted material condition. The present study investigates the interrelation of the strain hardening and the applied TIG (Tungsten-Inert-Gas) welding process, with a particular focus on a TRIP and a TWIP steel with high Mn contents. The investigations comprise hardness and microindentation tests as well as X-ray diffraction experiments of specimen that are pre-deformed to specific strains and subsequently TIG-welded with various linear energies. Instrumented microindentation tests are performed to determine force - indentation depth curves. The characteristic values derived from those curves are compared with results of a systematic peak profile analyses of measured X-ray interference lines. The results show that the measurement methods used enable detailed statements about the strengthening condition after cold forming and the local changes in the weld seam environment. Finally, the integral widths of X-ray diffraction lines can be correlated very well with distributions of local microhardness and can further be used to interpret the relationships between strain- and transformation-induced strengthening, deformation-induced retained austenite transformation and thermally induced softening. The results highlight the changes of the material states induced by welding and therefore emphasize the need to optimize welding practices and therefore improve the performance of high-strength steels in industrial applications.

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X-ray diffraction; High-strength steel; TRIP; TWIP; Welding-induced changes; hardening; Instrumented indentation

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Over the years, many technologies have been realized to aid people who suffer from sensory and physical disabilities. Real-time assistance is offered by these technologies, which use artificial intelligence, machine learning, and mobile computing. For their users who are presumably visually challenged, object-detection models coupled with image processing give audio feedback for easy navigation. Speech-to- text applications and text-to-speech applications cover the communication gap for deaf and mute persons. Some of these systems also perform sign language recognition, OCR, and voice synthesis to make life interactable. Hardware tools include ultrasonic sensors and smart gloves for specific impairments. However, these solutions are mostly class-wise and least integrated with one another. This survey paper goes into the depth of past developments and stresses the need for inclusive, multipurpose, user-friendly platforms that cater to as many differently abled users as possible.

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specially-abled people, Deep Learning, Assistive Technologies

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