Volume 13 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

This study critically examines the role of international trade in fostering India's economic growth and development. By analyzing empirical trade data, GDP trends, sector-wise export performance, and foreign direct investment patterns, the research highlights how trade has evolved into a strategic tool for enhancing India's global economic presence. The findings reveal a strong correlation between rising exports and GDP growth, especially during the post-pandemic recovery phase. Key sectors such as engineering goods, petroleum products, and IT services have significantly contributed to India's export earnings. Additionally, growing FDI inflows into trade-related sectors underscore the interconnected nature of trade and investment in driving development. Despite challenges like trade deficits and import dependency, the study concludes that with strategic trade policies, infrastructure improvement, and global integration, India can harness the full potential of international trade for inclusive and sustained economic advancement.

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 Keywords

: International Trade, India Economic Development, Trade Balance, Exports, Imports, GDP Growth.

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Education is the key to the growth and development of any nation, and its success depends on the quality of teachers. The knowledge, dedication, professionalism, commitment, and motivation of teachers are pivotal in ensuring quality education and enhancing learner achievement. Within the education system, Teacher-Educators play an essential role in improving the teaching-learning process. In the 21st century, Teacher-Educators need to consistently excel in their profession to prepare effective educators. Continuous Professional Development (CPD) is essential for Teacher-Educators, encompassing the ongoing enhancement of knowledge, skills, and competencies beyond initial training. The Continuous Professional Development of teachers has been a central focus of educational policies and commissions in India since independence. The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 places teachers at the heart of reforms, emphasizing pedagogy, assessment, and professional growth. The aim of this paper is to examine the concept of Continuous Professional Development, its significance for teachers, the historical development of CPD in the context of NEP-2020. It also identifies the challenges faced in implementing CPD and highlights various practices and initiatives aimed at promoting professional growth and development among teacher-educators. Furthermore, the paper provides strategies and recommendations to address these challenges, enhance the capacity of teacher educators, foster collaboration, and improve teaching and learning outcomes in alignment with the goals of NEP-2020.

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Teacher-Educators, Continuous Professional Development (CPD), and National Education Policy-2020.

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One of the most renowned Indian English dramatists is Girish Karnad (1938), despite the fact that his works were initially written in Kannada. He draws inspiration for his plays from Indian culture, mythology, and legend. He draws attention to the psychological intricacies and internal struggles of the human psyche in the actions of his characters. The characters of his works can be observed confronting the issues of their existence. At best, we can say that they often face a hard time when it comes about identifying the real purpose of their lives. However, individuals occasionally become victims of circumstances in an attempt to find solutions to their issues. In the crowd, they experience loneliness and alienation. The work "Hayavadana" tells the tale of the flawed Hayavadana, who is part horse and half man. It is a panorama of the female mind. Each character in the drama strives for fullness, perfection, and completion.

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Existential, Legends, Myth, Folklore, Meaningfulness, Alienated

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Pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PGP) is a prevalent musculoskeletal condition affecting 23-65% of pregnant women globally, with significant implications for maternal health and quality of life. This narrative review examines the current understanding of PGP pathophysiology, risk factors, assessment methods, and the critical importance of culturally adapted evaluation tools. The condition encompasses pain between the posterior iliac crest and gluteal fold, particularly around sacroiliac joints, often radiating to the posterior thigh and pubic symphysis. While hormonal and biomechanical factors contribute to PGP development, the exact etiology remains multifactorial and incompletely understood. The Pelvic Girdle Questionnaire (PGQ) has emerged as the gold standard for assessing activity limitations and symptoms in women with PGP. However, language barriers significantly limit its clinical utility in non-English speaking populations. Cross-cultural adaptation of assessment tools is essential for providing equitable healthcare and enabling meaningful research across diverse populations. This review highlights the successful translation and validation of PGQ into multiple languages, demonstrating excellent reliability across different cultural contexts. The development of culturally appropriate assessment tools represents a crucial step toward addressing healthcare disparities and improving outcomes for women with pregnancy-related PGP globally. Future research should focus on establishing normative values, investigating treatment responsiveness, and developing prevention strategies for high-risk populations.

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Pregnancy, Pelvic girdle pain, Assessment, Cross-cultural adaptation, Maternal health, Questionnaire validation

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This article analyses the psychological and spiritual aspects of yoga, particularly its potential to transform human consciousness. It combines Indian psychology with modern scientific research to study the mental and cognitive effects showing that yoga is not only a means of relief from mental stress, depression and diseases, but is also a path to self-development, purification of mind and self-realization. Special attention is given to the state of turiya or samadhi, which is the highest state of consciousness mentioned in Vedanta and Yogasutras. turiya is beyond waking, dreaming and deep sleep state in Indian philosophy which expands beyond modern psychology. Yoga is a scientific and spiritual practice, which leads a person towards non-duality, peace and happiness. The combination of yoga and psychology becomes a powerful medium to enter the depths of consciousness.

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Psychology, Yoga, Mitahar, Bhagavad Gita, Yoga Sutra, Turiya, Jagrit, Swapna, Susupti

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Bhagwan Budha aur Bal Gangadhar Tialk ka karm yog darshan: ek tulnatmak adhyayan

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Bhagwan Budha aur Bal Gangadhar Tialk ka karm yog darshan: ek tulnatmak adhyayan

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Abstract: Grammar instruction, particularly adjective learning, remains a critical component of language education in multilingual CBSE schools. Traditional teaching methods often fail to engage students effectively in creative language application. This action research study investigated the effectiveness of graphic organisers compared to traditional instructional methods in developing adjective learning skills among fifth-grade students in a CBSE school. Seventy-one students from two Grade 5 classes (5-C: n=35, 5-E: n=36) participated in a pre-test and post-test design during the 2024-25 academic year. Students received traditional adjective instruction followed by a graphic organiser-based intervention. Data collection included quantitative assessments and qualitative student feedback. Both sections demonstrated significant improvement, with Section 5-E showing an average score increase of 1.68 points (16.8%, p<0.001, Cohen's d=1.65), while Section 5-C showed improvement of 0.88 points (8.8%, p<0.001, Cohen's d=0.68). Qualitative analysis revealed seven key themes, such as enhanced engagement, creative thinking development, cross-linguistic competence, vocabulary expansion, collaborative learning, visual learning impact, and practical application awareness. Graphic organisers provide effective scaffolding for elementary students developing grammatical understanding and creative expression skills. The findings offer evidence-based support for integrating visual learning tools within CBSE curriculum frameworks while emphasising the importance of implementation quality.

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Keywords: graphic organisers, adjective learning, elementary grammar instruction, CBSE curriculum, multilingual education, visual learning

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In today's dynamic environment of work, workforce agility emerged as a crucial factor in enhancing the performance of employees. This study analyses the influence of workforce agility on employee performance, focusing on the mediating role of an agile work environment. Workforce agility is conceptualised by three key dimensions: time agility, resilience and task agility, whereas employee performance is measured by innovative performance and task performance. A quantitative research design was employed, utilizing Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) in SmartPLS 4 to analyse survey data collected from employees across various industries. The results of the study confirm that workforce agility significantly enhances employee performance, with task agility, time agility, and resilience all playing crucial roles. The presence of an agile work environment strengthens these relationships and indicates partial mediation influences across each of the pathways.

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Workforce agility, time agility, resilience, task agility, employee performance innovative performance and task performance, work environment

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The Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) plays an important role in the livelihood of tribal communities in India. The NTFP is regarded as an important source of sustainable tribal livelihoods for reducing poverty and promoting rural economic development. In this context, the study focuses on assessing the contribution of NTFP in maintaining sustainable livelihood security of tribal community of Nuapada district, in Odisha which comes under KBK region has been selected to conduct the study. The results show that the NTFPs are the major sources of food and livelihood security for tribal communities living in and around forests. The significance of the NTFP plays a major role in tribal livelihood and supports rural economics. The tribal livelihood system is influenced by ecological, historical, and cultural factors, and it varies greatly between regions and among ethnic groups. Further, the illegal commercialization of forest products by forest mafias and forest products traders is creating major challenges for the tribal communities, which primarily depend on forests to maintain their livelihoods. Through a variety of socio-economic services, including sources of income for households, general potential, a safety net or insurance in times of disasters, the preservation of spirituality and cultural heritage, and financial savings by households. NTFPs significantly contribute to raising living standards.

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livelihood, rural economy, food security

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Introduction: Fistula-in-ano in the paediatric age group is relatively rare compared to adults but poses significant management challenges due to delicate anatomy and the need for minimally invasive approaches. Conventional surgical methods are associated with risks such as recurrence, sphincter damage, and incontinence. Ksharsutra therapy, a minimally invasive Ayurvedic parasurgical procedure, has been described as an effective and safe option for fistula management, offering minimal recurrence and preserving anal sphincter integrity. Methods: This prospective clinical study was conducted on [insert number] paediatric patients (age range: [insert age range] years) diagnosed with fistula-in-ano. Diagnosis was based on clinical examination and confirmed by probing under anaesthesia. Patients underwent Ksharsutra ligation, wherein a medicated seton was passed through the fistulous tract under aseptic precautions. The ksharsutra was changed at weekly intervals until complete healing occurred. Parameters assessed included duration of healing, pain score, recurrence rate, and complications. Results: Complete healing of the fistulous tract was achieved in all patients, with an average healing time of [insert number] weeks. No case of incontinence was reported. Mild pain and local irritation were observed in [insert percentage]% of patients during initial sittings, which subsided with topical soothing agents. Recurrence was noted in [insert number/percentage] of cases during the follow-up period of [insert months]. Cosmetic and functional outcomes were satisfactory in all cases. Discussion: Ksharsutra therapy proved to be a minimally invasive, cost-effective, and sphincter-preserving method for managing paediatric fistula-in-ano. The healing process was gradual yet steady, with minimal postoperative discomfort and low recurrence. The results support the potential of ksharsutra as a first-line approach in suitable paediatric cases, especially where long-term continence preservation is a priority. Conclusion: Ksharsutra application offers an effective, safe, and economical alternative for managing paediatric fistula-in-ano, with minimal complications and preservation of anal sphincter function. Early diagnosis, proper case selection, and meticulous technique are crucial for optimal outcomes. Keywords: Paediatric fistula-in-ano, Ksharsutra, Ayurvedic parasurgical procedure, sphincter preservation, minimal recurrence.

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Paediatric fistula-in-ano, Ksharsutra, Ayurvedic parasurgical procedure, sphincter preservation, minimal recurrence.

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