Volume 13 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

The field of Environmental Ecology serves as a vital multidisciplinary science that explores how living organisms interact with their environment. This research examines both the structure and function of ecosystems, focusing particularly on species diversity, the cycling of nutrients, energy transfer processes, and how ecosystems change over time. The study emphasizes how human activities including forest clearing, industrial development, and global warming affect the stability and ability of ecosystems to recover from disturbances. By examining environmental indicators and studying examples from different ecological regions worldwide, this research demonstrates the critical need for sustainable approaches to managing natural resources and protecting biodiversity. The results support the use of comprehensive ecological strategies to reduce environmental damage and maintain ecological stability over time. This research enhances our knowledge of ecosystem well-being and provides practical recommendations for creating environmental protection policies.

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 Keywords

Environmental ecology, Anthropogenic impact, Ecosystem resilience, Ecological indicators

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Carbon credit trading has become a key component of global climate policy, offering a market-based approach to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This paper explores the evolution, governance, and equity implications of carbon markets, with a particular focus on India's experience and emerging domestic frameworks. While international mechanisms like the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement have provided structural foundations, challenges such as fragmented markets, weak verification, and inequitable benefit-sharing persist. The study highlights the need for stronger governance, digital innovation, and inclusive policies to ensure that carbon credit systems contribute not only to emissions reduction but also to climate justice and sustainable development.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Carbon credits, Carbon trading, Climate governance, Paris Agreement, Climate justice, Sustainable development, Emissions reduction, Market-based mechanisms, India carbon market, Environmental equity

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In the current study, a novel analytical reagent called 2, 4-dimethyl-3H-1, 5-benzodiazepine is developed for spectrophotometric analysis to determine the amount of rhodium (III) in an alloy mixture. In this study, a novel analytical reagent was investigated, and its characterisation using IR, NMR and mass spectrometer techniques was described. Using n-butanol, when subjected to an extraction as the selected solvent at a constant pH of 8.9, the red-colored product produced by the reaction of Rhodium (III) and analytical reagent (DBA) provides exceptional results. Rhodium (III) ion concentrations between 1 mg L-1 and 10 mg L-1 completely satisfy Beers law. Maximum and average molar absorption coefficient values for the coloured compound were noted to yet the sensitivity was recorded as 0.0120 g cm-2. be 510 nm, 4863L mol1 cm-2. Rhodium (III) metal traces in alloy mixtures can be determined utilising DBA analytical reagent in a more efficient, cost-effective, and superior manner than with prior spectrophotometric extraction techniques.

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Rhodium (III) Estimation by Spectrophotometric Extraction Using a Novel Analytical Reagent

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Flora and fauna are the twin pillars of biodiversity, supporting ecological balance, cultural values, and sustainable development. However, the increasing pressures of climate change, habitat degradation, and unsustainable land use threaten global biodiversity. Biodiversity and climate change are interconnected crises threatening planetary stability. Biodiverse ecosystems contribute to climate regulation through carbon sequestration, while climate change drives habitat loss, phenological shifts, and species extinctions. This paper explores the interdependence between biological diversity (flora and fauna), sustainable development goals (SDGs), and the escalating challenge of climate change. It examines the relationship between biodiversity conservation and sustainable development, analyzing global trends, policies, and integrated strategies such as nature-based solutions (NbS)emphasizes the ecological and socio-economic importance of conserving biodiversity, evaluates current threats, and outlines integrated strategies for resilience. The paper argues for a holistic, ecosystem-based approach to development that safeguards both biodiversity and climate stability.

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 Keywords

Biodiversity, Flora, Fauna, Climate Change, Sustainable Development, Ecosystem Services, SDGs, Resilience.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Laccase, Bioremediation, Carbon Neutrality, Lignin Degradation, Wastewater Treatment, Enzyme Engineering, Sustainable Technology.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Ever increasing driving forces like pollution, habitat fragmentation, anthropogenic exploitation, and climate change, the biodiversity crisis is getting worse. Even though they are useful, traditional ecological methods are constrained by their incapacity to interpret and process the enormous, intricate datasets produced by contemporary biodiversity research. A fundamental subset of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML) has become a potent instrument for modeling, forecasting, and interpreting ecological patterns at previously unachievable scales. Recent developments in machine learning applications in important biodiversity research areas, such as species distribution, trait ecology, genomics, and environmental monitoring, are reviewed in this review. We offer practical case studies, provide an overview of methodological advancements, and pinpoint new trends that indicate the path that machine learning-driven biodiversity research will take in the future.

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Biodiversity, conservation, Data analysis, AI & ML

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The interface between ecology and evolution represents a crucial area of study that has profound implications for biodiversity conservation. This research review synthesizes insights from studies conducted between 2010 and 2024, examining how evolutionary processes shape ecological dynamics and, conversely, how ecological factors influence evolutionary trajectories. We explore the integration of evolutionary theory into conservation practices, focusing on the importance of adaptive traits, genetic diversity, and species interactions. Additionally, the review delves into the role of contemporary evolution in shaping ecological patterns, the challenges associated with conserving evolutionary potential amidst rapid environmental changes, and the need for interdisciplinary approaches that combine both ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Our findings suggest that incorporating evolutionary insights into conservation strategies can enhance the resilience and effectiveness of efforts to preserve biodiversity, particularly in the face of accelerating global change.

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Ecology, Evolution, Conservation, Biodiversity, Adaptive Traits, Genetic Diversity, Species Interactions, Contemporary Evolution, Evolutionary Resilience, Adaptive Management

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The increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO?) is a major cause of global climate change (Falkowski et al., 2008). The metabolic versatility and ecological ubiquity of microorganisms play a central role in natural carbon cycling and offer promising eco-friendly solutions for CO? sequestration (Falkowski et al., 2008; Lal, 2008). This article explores the various microbial mechanisms involved in CO? capture and storage, including photoautotrophy, chemolithoautotrophy, carbonate mineralization, and the formation of stable soil organic matter through microbial biomass turnover (Liang et al., 2017; De Muynck et al., 2010). Photoautotrophic microorganisms such as cyanobacteria and microalgae fix atmospheric CO? using light energy, forming the base of aquatic food webs and contributing significantly to oceanic and freshwater carbon sinks (Raven & Beardall, 2016). In contrast, chemolithoautotrophic bacteria like Nitrosomonas and Thiobacillus utilize energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds to assimilate CO?, functioning effectively in subsurface and extreme environments (Canfield et al., 2010). Another significant pathway involves microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP), where microbes facilitate the conversion of CO? into stable mineral forms such as calcium carbonate (De Muynck et al., 2010). Additionally, heterotrophic microbes contribute to carbon stabilization by producing necromass that binds with soil minerals, forming long-lived soil organic carbon (Liang et al., 2017; Schmidt et al., 2011). The potential of microbial CO? sequestration is vast, especially in enhancing soil carbon stocks and supporting ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling and water retention (Lal, 2008; Schmidt et al., 2011). However, environmental variability, microbial respiration, and challenges in measuring long-term sequestration remain major limitations (Schmidt et al., 2011). This paper reviews current knowledge, practical applications, and future directions in utilizing microbial systems for climate mitigation.

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Carbon sequestration, Microbial CO? fixation, Climate change mitigation, Autotrophic microbes, Biogeochemical cycles, Microbial-induced carbonate precipitation

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Driven by unsustainable land use, deforestation, and anthropogenic emissions, threaten food security, biodiversity, and the livelihoods of millions. In this perspective, sustainable land management practices and nature-based solutions have gained prominence. Among them, sericulture is one promisingbiodiversity and microclimate creation by mulberry plantations supporting various organisms including pollinators, soil fauna, and microbes. They also create shade, reduce soil surface temperatures, and increase local humidity levels, promoting ecological stability.Mulberry as a Pioneer Species is drought-tolerant and can thrive on marginal, degraded lands. Their fibrous root systems prevent soil erosion, improve water retention, and contribute to organic matter through leaf litter.One hectare of mulberry approximately can sequester up to 8 tons of CO2 annually. Under intensive cultivation, it can provide Sustainable Development and Rural Employment. The FAO and UNCCD endorse it as a component of sustainable agriculture and ecosystem restoration under the SDG framework.

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sericulture, biodiversity, sustainable development, SDG, soil temperature

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Kolleru Lake, a Ramsar wetland, faces severe heavy metal contamination from aquaculture, industry, and agriculture. This study assessed heavy metal (Pb, Hg, Cd, Cr, As) concentrations in water and sediments during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods in 2024, comparing them to WHO drinking water limits and ecological thresholds. Results showed that Pb, Hg, and Cd in water frequently exceeded WHO limits, while sediment concentrations were significantly higher, particularly for Pb. Although monsoon rainfall diluted water concentrations of some metals, others like Cr and As showed post-monsoon increases due to agricultural runoff. Elevated lead levels in water (2.8-3.5 times WHO limits) pose chronic health risks, particularly to children in downstream communities like Eluru. The persistent contamination in the lake, especially in sediments, suggests a continuous risk of public health crises similar to the 2020 Eluru illness outbreak, where lead-contaminated drinking water was implicated. The findings emphasize the urgent need for stringent effluent regulations, sediment remediation, and integrated watershed management to protect Kolleru Lake's ecological integrity, regional water security, and public health.

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 Keywords

Kolleru Lake, Heavy Metal Contamination, Eluru Illness, Lead, Water Quality, Sediment Pollution, Public Health, Environmental Monitoring, Wetland Management

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition