Volume 11 | Issue 7 |

 Abstract

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Darunavir, RP-HPLC, Method Development, Validation.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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: Email spam refers to the distribution of unsolicited and unwanted bulk messages via email, affecting individuals, businesses, and organizations globally. Its purpose is to promote products, services, or fraudulent activities, often using deceptive tactics to entice recipients. Email spam can lead to inbox clutter, privacy risks, and security threats for individuals, while businesses may face productivity losses, cybersecurity risks, and reputational damage. To combat spam, various measures have been developed, including spam filters and email authentication protocols. However, spammers continuously adapt their techniques, necessitating ongoing advancements in email security. Mitigating the impact of email spam requires effective detection and prevention mechanisms, along with user awareness and caution. Maintaining a secure and reliable email environment remains crucial in the face of this persistent challenge. To effectively combat this issue, supervised machine learning algorithms have been widely employed, with Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Random Forest being among the most popular choices. However, a comprehensive comparative analysis is necessary to determine the most effective algorithm for accurately identifying spam emails. This research paper presents a detailed comparative analysis of Naive Bayes, SVM, and Random Forest in terms of their performance metrics, computational efficiency, and ease of implementation for email spam detection. The study aims to provide valuable insights and guidance for researchers and practitioners in selecting the optimal approach for effective spam detection.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Email spam detection, supervised machine learning, Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machines, Random Forest, comparative analysis, performance evaluation.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Curcumin, a low molecular weight , lipophilic major yellow natural polyphenolic and the most well known plant derivedcompound, is extracted from the rhizomes of the turmeric [ curcuma longa] plant, belonging to Zingiberaceae.Curcumin and its analogues prevent oxidative damage and inhibit the binding of toxic metabolites to DNA. Its anti- inflammatory, anticancer and anti-oxidant properties of exploited efficiency may benefit mankind in colourful ways. It has a low toxic effect on the body, hence large doses can be given without any fear of toxicity that reflects its broad therapeutic index. It shows a wide spectrum of biological actions like anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, anti-coagulant,antifertility, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antiviral, antifibrotic, antiulcer, hypotensive, hypercholesterolaemia, antivenom activities.This review article mainly focuses on the properties, chemistry, pharmacological activities like antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-HIV, antimicrobial, antifertility, anti-parkinsonism, antifungal, anticoagulant,cardioprotective, hepatoprotective and also effective in various types of cancers and also their toxicity studies.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Anti-inflammatory,Antioxidant,Curcuma longa,Curcumin extractionCurcumin

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This research paper explores the Buddhist critique of development, analyzing the alignment of Buddhist philosophy with sustainable development practices. The paper examines modern development models and alternative approaches based on Buddhist principles, presenting case studies to support the analysis. Findings suggest that the Buddhist critique offers valuable insights into sustainable development and highlights the importance of further research in this field.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Buddhism on Sustainable Development

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Multiplication is the basic building block for several DSP processors, Image processing and many other. Over the years the computational complexities of algorithms used in Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) have gradually increased. This requires a parallel array multiplier to achieve high execution speed or to meet the performance demands. A typical implementation of such an array multiplier is Partial product design. Partial product multiplier is a type of parallel array multiplier. The architecture of Partial product multiplier mainly consists of some Carry Save Adders, array of AND gates and one Ripple Carry Adder. In this research work, a new design of Partial Product Multiplier is proposed and this proposed design of multiplier uses a very fast parallel prefix adder (Kogge Stone Adder) in place of Ripple Carry Adder. The architecture of standard Partial Product Multiplier is modified in this work for reducing the delay due to Ripple Carry Adder and performing faster multiplication of two binary numbers. This research also presents a comparative study of FPGA implementation on Spartan2 and Spartartan2E for new multiplier design and standard partial product multiplier. The RTL design of proposed new Partial Product Multiplier and standard partial product multiplier is done using Verilog HDL. The simulation is performed using ModelSim. The Xilinx ISE design tool is used for FPGA implementation. Comparative result shows the modified design is effective when compared in terms of delay with the standard design.

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Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), Verilog HDL, Design tool and Simulation.

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This project introduces a set of graph-based algorithms for efficiently 3-2 and 4-2 Adder VLSI circuits using simple cells. The proposed algorithms are concerned to, first, effectively minimize the number of logic elements implementing the synthesized circuit. Then, we focus a significant effort on minimizing the number of inverters in between these logic elements. Finally, this logic representation is mapped into a circuit comprised of only two-input NANDs and NORS, along with the inverters. Two-input XORs and XNORs can also be optionally considered. As we also consider sequential circuits in this work, flip-flops are taken into account as well. Additionally, with high-effort optimization on the number of logic elements, the generated circuits may contain some cells with unfeasible fanout for current technology nodes. In order to fix these occurrences, we propose an area-oriented, level-aware algorithm for fanout limitation. The proposed algorithms were applied over a set of benchmark circuits and the obtained results have shown the usefulness of the method. We show that efficient implementations in terms of inverter count, transistor count, area, power and delay can be generated from circuits with a reduced number of both simple cells and inverters, combined with XOR/XNOR-based optimizations. The proposed buffering algorithm can handle all unfeasible fanout occurrences, while (i) optimizing the number of added inverters; and (ii) assigning cells to the inverter tree based on their level criticality. When comparing with academic and commercial approaches, we are able to simultaneously reduce the average number of inverters, transistors, area, power dissipation and delay up to 48%, 5%, 5%, 5%, and 53%, respectively. As the adoption of a limited set of simple standard cells have been showing benefits for a variety of modern VLSI circuits constraints, such as layout regularity, routability constraints, and/or ultra low power constraints, the proposed methods can be of special interest for these applications. Additionally, some More-than-Moore applications, such as printed electronics designs, can also take benefit from the proposed approach.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Graph-based algorithms. logic synthesis. technology 3-2 and 4-2 Adder. standard cell library. simple cells.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The major part of the Indian economy is dominated by the unorganized sector. The unorganized sector is more apparent in our Indian economy. The unorganized retail sector is a low-cost retail format and is usually managed by the single individuals and is visible in India in various forms such as local kirana or grocery shops or moms and pops stores, cigarette shops, convenience stores, pavement vendors, hawkers, hand cart etc. It is dominating by having 97% share in the Indian retail market due to the facts such as low real estate prices, cheap labour, low or no taxes, managed by single person, poverty, unemployment, providing credit to the local consumers, convenience to the local consumers etc. It is an evitable part of the economy having a direct and indirect impact on the productivity, job opportunities, transformation, economic cycles and economic growth. It is an instrument of commercial changes in the economy. Women entrepreneurship has been recognized as an important source of economic growth. Women entrepreneurs create new jobs for themselves and others and also provide society with different solutions to management, organization and business problems.

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Unorganized Sector, Women Entrepreneurship, Retail Market.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract: Global warming has become the most apparent threat to humanity on Earth. Under the worldwide warming mechanism, a set of equations is found between thermodynamic and dynamic components that can control the changes in the intensity and frequency of rainfall events over a region. Due to global warming, scientists widely expect these trends to pursue as the earth warms; for each degree of Celsius warming, the air extent of water vapor goes up by about 7 percent. Therefore, an atmosphere with more water vapor can generate more intense rainfall events. In this paper, the study investigates the variability of high-intensity rainfall events under the global warming scenario on an annual and seasonal basis in Ramgad Watershed, Kumaun Lesser Himalaya Uttarakhand, India, over the past fifty years. The study used the ground observed climatic data of the Automated Weather Station [AWS] of the Indian Meteorological Department situated in the watershed for the last 50 years. The result shows that the annual mean temperature of Ramgad Watershed is increased at the rate of 0.180C during the past fifty years while the study investigates the watershed recorded a progressively increasing trend in the events of high-intensity rainfall, overall, 123 high-intensity rainfall events with an increasing rate of 0.11% in the past fifty years. Furthermore, during the monsoon month, it has been observed that a considerably large proportion of high-intensity rainfall events fall in the category of severe rainfall events. At the same time, high-intensity rainfall events have shown a declining trend in the watershed during winter, summer, and post-monsoon seasons. The Study concluded that the increasing rate of mean annual and seasonal temperature over the watershed region has progressively increased the variabilities of high-intensity rainfall events, which emerged as the significant environmental ultimatum and diminishing the sustainability of the socio-ecological system and thus increasing the vulnerability of the population to water, food, and livelihood insecurity in rainfed and densely populated Lesser Himalayan Mountains.

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Key Words: Thermodynamic, Global Warming, High-Intensity Rainfall Events,

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This article contains all the information regarding the conduction of community trials of a new drug that is yet to be launched in the market for the public use.It also include the clinical trials design. Further, it also provides vital information about the various phases of the clinical trials. The role of important regulatory authorities such as FDA and it's monitoring post approval of the drug is also included here. This article also involves the information about the changes that are required in conducting clinical trials if any incompatibility occurs.

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Adverse drug effect, Clinical Trials, Therapeutic effect, FDA.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Autism is characterized by difficulty in reciprocal social interaction, communication impairment and behavioural abnormalities. May 2013 publication of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM-V), all autism disorders were merged into one umbrella diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Previously, they were recognized as distinct subtypes, including Autistic Disorder, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) and Asperger syndrome. ASD can be associated with intellectual disability, difficulties in motor coordination and attention and physical health issues such as sleep and gastrointestinal disturbances. Some persons with ASD excel in visual skills, music, math and art. Most cases of autism, however, appear to be caused by a combination of autism risk genes and environmental factors influencing early brain development. There is evidence to suggest that diagnostic features of ASD are evident in very young children with observing symptoms within the first 2 years of life. The assessment of Autism focuses on the skills most essential for social and communication development is conducted to determine an individual's current profile of social communication skills, identify priority learning objectives within natural communication contexts and examine the influence of the communication partner and the environment. Core challenges of ASD take different forms as an individual responds to intervention and progresses through developmental stages from pre-linguistic to emerging language and advanced language stages. Actual goals will vary based on those aspects of development that are consistent with family priorities and with the individual's functional needs within his or her current social contexts. Treatment for individuals with ASD typically includes, setting goals based on assessment data that target the core deficits in ASD and focus on initiating spontaneous communication in functional activities and using a range of approaches for enhancing communication skills along a continuum from behavioral to developmental.

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ISSUES AND MANAGEMENT, AUTISM, AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD), ASPERGER SYNDROME, CHILDHOOD DISINTEGRATIVE DISORDER, PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER-NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED (PDD-NOS)

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition