Volume 14 | Issue 7 |

 Abstract

The present study investigated the impact of the Advance Organizer Model of Teaching on the academic achievement of secondary school students in Mathematics. The experimental method with pre-test and post-test control group design was adopted. The sample consisted of 120 secondary school students, divided equally into Experimental and Control Groups, with boys and girls represented equally. The Advance Organizer Model was administered to the Experimental Group, while the Control Group was taught through the conventional method. Academic Achievement Test in Mathematics was used as the tool for data collection. The collected data were analyzed using Mean, Standard Deviation, and t-test. The findings revealed that students exposed to the Advance Organizer Model demonstrated significantly higher academic achievement than those taught through traditional methods. The model proved effective in enhancing meaningful learning, retention, and understanding of Mathematics concepts.

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 Keywords

Advance Organizer Model, Academic Achievement, Mathematics, Secondary School Students, Experimental Study.

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Abstract: Generative AI tools are rapidly reshaping academic library services by changing how information is discovered, evaluated, taught, and delivered. This study examines the impact of generative AI on core library functions, including reference service, information literacy instruction, and collection development. It reviews recent literature to show that AI tools can improve efficiency, personalize support, and assist librarians with routine tasks such as drafting content, answering basic queries, and enhancing discovery workflows. At the same time, the paper highlights major concerns related to information accuracy, privacy, ethical use, and professional skill gaps. The discussion argues that generative AI should be viewed as a supportive technology rather than a replacement for librarians, since human judgment remains essential for scholarly guidance and critical evaluation. The paper concludes that academic libraries must adopt clear policies, staff training, and responsible implementation strategies to integrate generative AI effectively while preserving trust, academic integrity, and user-centered service.

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Generative AI, Academic libraries, Reference services, Information literacy, Library ethics

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Abstract: Background: Defecation is a complex physiological process involving coordinated activity of the gastrointestinal tract, enteric nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and voluntary neuromuscular mechanisms. The initiation and regulation of the defecation reflex depend upon rectal distension, enteric neural pathways, parasympathetic outflow, and relaxation of anal sphincters. Modern physiology explains this process through intrinsic enteric reflexes mediated by the myenteric plexus and parasympathetic reflexes mediated through sacral spinal segments. Alteration in these regulatory mechanisms can result in disorders such as constipation, incomplete evacuation, and anorectal dysfunction. In Ayurveda, the process of fecal elimination is governed primarily by Apana Vata. Apana vata is one of the five subtypes of Vata dosha. It is located in Apana desha (Perineal region). It traverses along Sroni (Pelvis), vasti (urinary bladder), medra (external genital apparatus of each sex) and uru (thighs). It performs several vital functions, such as the expulsion of Shukra (Semen), Artava (menstrual blood), Shakrit (faeces), mutra (urine) and Garbha (the products of conception - foetus & Placenta). Purishavaha Srotas serves as the structural and functional pathway involved in the formation, transportation, and elimination of fecal matter. Aim and Objective: To review and analyze the role of Apana Vata and Purishavaha Srotas in the physiology of the defecation reflex through an integrative understanding of the enteric and autonomic nervous systems. Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted using classical Ayurvedic texts, modern physiology textbooks, research articles, and databases such as Google Scholar and PubMed. Conclusion: The functional attributes of Apana Vata and the structural-functional role of Purishavaha Srotas demonstrate notable similarities with the coordinated activities of the enteric and autonomic nervous systems involved in defecation. Although classical Ayurvedic concepts and modern neurophysiology describe bowel regulation from different perspectives, an integrative understanding may provide a broader insight into the physiology of the defecation reflex.

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 Keywords

Apana Vata, Purishavaha Srotas, Defecation Reflex, Enteric Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System, Gut Motility, Neurophysiology, Ayurveda Physiology.

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The integration of renewable energy sources like wind into conventional thermal power systems poses significant challenges to grid frequency stability due to variable generation and fluctuating loads. Load variations cause critical frequency deviations that threaten grid stability, making effective frequency stabilization essential for reliable operation. This mini project develops a MATLAB/Simulink model for load frequency control (LFC) in a hybrid smart grid. This Paper investigates Load Frequency Control (LFC) of two different configurations of a Hybrid Smart Grid Model . The first Configuration follows LFC by connecting a Hydroelectric Microgrid in islanding mode . While, the second one is a BESS integrated grid tied mode . The proposed Combination of systems subjects to supply external extra voltage that is proportional to the voltage fluctuation developed that might develop due to a fault or internal external factors .

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Load Frequency Control (LFC) , Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) , Islanding mode , BESS Integrated Grid tied mode , Hybrid Smart Grid , Hydroelectric Microgrid , Utility Grid.

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Recent advances in Reinforcement Learning (RL) have enabled autonomous agents to learn complex decision-making strategies through continuous interaction with dynamic environments. Among the various training methodologies, Curriculum Learning (CL) and Behavior Cloning (BC) have gained significant attention for improving learning efficiency and policy quality in multi-agent systems. Curriculum Learning adopts a progressive training strategy by gradually increasing task complexity, allowing agents to acquire foundational skills before solving more challenging scenarios. In contrast, Behavior Cloning leverages expert demonstrations to directly imitate desired behaviours, thereby reducing the exploration burden during the initial stages of training. This paper presents the design, implementation, and comparative evaluation of Curriculum Learning and Behavior Cloning within a custom-developed 3v3 Freeze Tag environment implemented using the Unity ML-Agents framework. The environment models a cooperative-competitive game in which runner agents attempt to survive and rescue teammates while tagger agents seek to freeze all opposing agents within a predefined time limit. The proposed implementation integrates Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) for reinforcement learning and combines Behavior Cloning with Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning (GAIL) to enhance policy learning from expert demonstrations.

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 Keywords

Reinforcement Learning, Deep Reinforcement Learning, Unity ML-Agents, Curriculum Learning, Behavior Cloning, Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning, Proximal Policy Optimization, Freeze Tag Environment, Multi-Agent Systems, Artificial Intelligence.

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Nowadays, there is increasing demand of biodegradable mild surfactants because of growing environmental issues and needs for sustainable alternatives. In cosmetic sector the surfactants are used for their emulsifying, foaming and cleansing properties, while being gentle on the skin biodegradable surfactants helps to minimize environmental pollutions as they break down easily without leaving harmful residue. The current study shows the preparation of alkyl polyglucoside, a sugar based mild surfactant prepared by using different alcohols and glucose by condensation reaction. The propertoes of the final prepared surfactant is characterized by chain of the alcohol used. Theses surfactant shows biodegradability and low toxicity. The structural characterization of surfactant was carried out using FTIR spectroscopy.

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Glucose, Alcohol, Condensation, Optimization, FTIR.

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Abstract This paper examines the geopolitical and strategic implications of India's accelerated infrastructure construction along its contested frontiers, focusing specifically on the activities of the Border Roads Organisation (BRO). For decades, India maintained a cautious "neglect by design" policy regarding its northern and eastern frontiers to deny invading forces easy movement into its heartland. However, asymmetric Chinese infrastructure expansion and recent border standoffs--culminating in the 2020 Galwan Valley clash--prompted a decisive shift toward proactive deterrence and rapid mobilization capability. Drawing on recent strategic literature and structural data, this paper assesses how the BRO's network of all-weather roads, high-altitude tunnels, and heavy-load bridges serves as a critical force multiplier for military logistics while simultaneously fostering socioeconomic integration for isolated border communities. Finally, the paper evaluates the resulting regional security dynamics, exploring how this rapid construction interacts with the classic "security dilemma" between nuclear-armed neighbors and proposing structural reforms to enhance future border governance.

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Keywords: Strategic Infrastructure, Border Roads Organisation (BRO), Regional Security, Force Multiplier, Military Logistics, India-China Border, Deterrence Posture.

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Abstract This article revisits the 1819 odes of John Keats to explore the complexity of his aesthetic philosophy beyond the oft-quoted dictum "Beauty is truth, truth beauty." While this statement from Ode on a Grecian Urn has traditionally been interpreted as the central tenet of Keats's thought, a closer reading of the odes reveals a far more nuanced engagement with themes such as transience, melancholy, imagination, and mortality. Through detailed analysis of Ode to a Nightingale, Ode on a Grecian Urn, Ode to Psyche, Ode on Melancholy, and To Autumn, the paper argues that Keats's poetry resists reductive interpretation and instead embraces ambiguity through the principle of Negative Capability. The study highlights how Keats negotiates the tension between permanence and change, pleasure and pain, and imagination and reality, thereby transforming aesthetic experience into a profound existential inquiry. Ultimately, the article demonstrates that Keats's odes articulate a dynamic and evolving vision of beauty--one that is inseparable from human limitation and uncertainty.

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Keywords Romanticism; Aesthetics; Negative Capability; Transcience; Imagination; Melancholy; Beauty and Truth; 1819 Odes; Existential Inquiry

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This study offers a comparative, mixed-methods examination of ICT attitudes among students and ICT perceptions among teachers in CBSE and State Board high schools of Indore district, India. Quantitative data were collected from 409 students and 205 teachers across 18 schools using standardized attitude/perception scales, supplemented by qualitative case-study interviews with 4 principals and 12 teachers across four purposively selected schools. Reliability analysis revealed that the 30-item teacher scale was not unidimensional, resolving instead into two independently reliable subscales -- Perceived Benefits (? = 0.802) and Perceived Risks (? = 0.568) -- a finding with methodological implications beyond this study. Results showed no significant difference in student ICT attitude by board (p = .081) but a significant difference by school management type, with private-school students scoring higher (p < .001). Teachers showed a more complex pattern: State Board teachers scored significantly higher than CBSE teachers on both perceived benefits (p = .0006) and perceived risks (p = .0045) -- suggesting more reflective, actively evaluative engagement with ICT rather than simple enthusiasm or aversion. Qualitative findings corroborate and contextualise these patterns. The study argues that board affiliation is a weaker predictor of ICT-related outcomes in Indian secondary education than school management type and teachers' stage of technology adoption, with direct implications for how ICT policy and teacher training should be targeted.

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ICT integration, CBSE, State Board, teacher perception, student attitude, mixed-methods research, Indore district

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Staff retention is one of the major issues faced in the Kerala niche of the private healthcare industry and especially because of the growing workforce mobility and migration of healthcare workers. This paper discusses the role of employee morale in retention of employees in Kerala private hospitals through conceptualization of employee morale as a multidimensional construct of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, leadership support, recognition and rewards, work environment and career development. Quantitative cross-sectional research design was followed and 300 employees working in the selected hospitals (Ernakulam, Thrissur and Thiruvananthapuram district) in the healthcare profession were sampled to gather primary data. A five-point Likert scale structured questionnaire was used and the results analysed through descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis. The results have shown that the moderate level of morale and retention intention was reported by employees. The results of correlation showed that there were a significant number of positive correlations between all dimensions of morale and employee retention (p < 0.01) with the strongest associations between organizational commitment (r = .72), work environment (r = .70), and job satisfaction (r =.68). The results of a multiple regression analysis revealed that, employee morale is a significant predictor of retention with R2 = 0.66. The strongest predictor was the organizational commitment (? = 0.31), then the job satisfaction (? = 0.28), and the work environment (? = 0.27), and the leadership support, recognition and rewards and career development were also statistically significant and had positive effects (p < 0.05). The findings substantiate the fact that psychological attachment, supportive management practices, and positive working conditions are essential predictors of retention in the workforce of the private hospitals. The researchers find that employee morale is a strategic necessity to increase workforce stability, turnover intention, and quality healthcare provision in the business of the Kerala healthcare sector.

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 Keywords

Employee Morale; Employee Retention; Job Satisfaction; Organizational Commitment; Leadership Support; Private Hospitals; Kerala Healthcare Sector

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