Volume 12 | Issue 7 |

 Abstract

Safe sanitation is one of the foundations of a healthy, comfortable and dignified life. Yet, two billon people around the world lack safe drinking water. Almost half of the population, 3.6 billion people lacks safe sanitation. Despite progress, over half of the world's population, 4.2 billion people, uses sanitation services that leave human waste untreated, threatening human and environmental health. The Oxford Economics report states that in terms of total cost, India suffer the most, with US $ 106.7 billion wiped off the GDP in 2015. Poor sanitation costs India 5.2% of its Gross Domestic Product annually. Sustainable sanitation encompasses of the entire sanitation cycle, which includes user interface, containment and storage, transport, treatment, disposal or reuse. Along with Sustainable sanitation approach promotes human health by breaking the vicious cycle of diseases. This approach considers waste as a resource and minimizes waste which is economically viable and environment friendly approach. Sustainable sanitation can help the nations in achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This is highly incorporated with major Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper is theoretical in nature and put a detailed note on sustainable sanitation. Though it is relied on secondary data and data has been collected from various published sources such as periodicals, articles reports and books.

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safe sanitation, sustainable sanitation, human and environmental health, sustainable development, SDG

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ABSTRACT The recent India-Bangladesh transit treaty, signed by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, represents a pivotal advancement in regional connectivity and economic cooperation. This agreement introduces a direct rail corridor linking Kolkata, India, to the northeastern states of India and the Dooars region in West Bengal. By addressing longstanding logistical issues, the treaty is poised to enhance trade efficiency, reduce transportation costs, and foster greater regional integration. This development not only strengthens bilateral relations but also reflects a shared commitment to economic growth in South Asia. The treaty emerges from a context of complex historical ties and recent cooperative efforts, aiming to overcome geographical challenges and optimize trade flows between the nations.

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Keywords-Transit Treaty, Connectivity, Bilateral Relations, Trade Efficiency, Economic Cooperation, Regional Integration.

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This work explores the green, convenient and one-pot preparation of Iron- graphite oxide nanocomposite. A series of measurements like X-ray powder diffraction analysis (XRD) was carried out to identity the crystalline structure and phase of the synthesized sample. The surface morphological features, crystal structure and basic chemical elements of synthesized nanocomposite were analysed using SEM and EDAX analysis. A study is carried out for the application of synthesized nanocomposites for the electrochemical degradation of a carcinogenic textile dye, Deep Green 474, in an electrochemical cell having carbon electrodes. The dye decoloration of 99.8% takes place in the presence of 0.003g/L of GO, at a current density of 0.04A/cm2. The results indicated that the synthesized nanocomposite has high dye removal capacity with good reusability. Therefore, the obtained nanocomposite from this facile one-pot synthesis method exhibit great potential in biological and environmental remediation.

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carcinogenic, dye degradation, electrochemical, graphene oxide, nano composite

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 Abstract

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????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????, ????????, ????????? ????????

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BACKGROUND: Neck pain is musculoskeletal condition which is the leading cause of disability with high prevalence. Previous studies have shown that alteration in cervical proprioception is associated with the neck pain. It is evaluated using Joint Position Error (JPE) test which determines the person's ability to return his head to the predefined position after cervical movements. Exercise intervention are needed for the management of patients with neck pain and altered cervical proprioception. The objective of the study is to compare the Proprioceptive Training and Craniocervical Flexion (CCF) Training in reducing pain and improving Cervical Joint Position Sense. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 64 subjects were assessed and identified with mechanical neck pain and recruited for the study and randomly divided into two groups. In one group Proprioceptive Training and in another group Craniocervical Flexion Training had been given for 4 weeks. RESULTS: On comparison of proprioceptive training group and Craniocervical Flexion training group for pretest and posttest values of NPRS (P< 0.0001), JPE for right rotation (p<0.0001), left rotation (p<0.0001), extension (p<0.0001) and NDI (p<0.0001) Extremely significant difference found. On comparison between Proprioceptive training group and Craniocervical Flexion training group, there was significant difference found for NPRS(p=0.0373), JPE for Right rotation(p=0.0162), Left Rotation(p=0.0335), Extension(p=0.0372) and NDI(p=0.0173) CONCLUSION: This study showed that Proprioceptive training is more effective than Craniocervical Flexion training in improving Cervical Joint Position Sense and reducing patients perceived pain and disability.

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Joint Position Error, Proprioception, Deep neck flexors, Neck pain.

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Indigenous communities are often marginalised due to a lack of recognition of their rights, culture and traditional living standards. Adivasis have been socially discriminated and excluded from the mainstream society. The social biasness prevailing in the society not only offends human dignity but also in breach the human right of living as an equal citizen. This paper focuses on the Adivasis resistance of forced displacement in the context of development. The paper tries to voice the angst of indigenous people of Jharkhand against the social bigotry. Through the short story collection of Hansda Sowvendra Shekhar The Adivasi Will Not Dance the consignment of Adivasis to a lower social strata will be discussed. Adivasis have withstand the social and economic adversities and are now acclaiming their presence in the mainstream society. The selected stories of this collection describe the Adivasi resistance against exploitation and also present Adivasis remarkable resilience despite all adversities.

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Indigenous, marginalised, displacement, resistance, resilience.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and asthma are the two main forms of Obstructive Lung Diseases (OLD). Due to the airway lumen narrowing, they are characterized by reduced airflow out of the lungs. Since inhalers make it easier to administer medication to the respiratory tract, they are the treatment of choice. Inhalers aid in preventing flare-ups and the worsening of symptoms. However, in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect, the inhalers must be used correctly. The patient may make mistakes when using the inhalers because they may not receive enough information or counselling. A higher prognosis for obstructive pulmonary disease is linked to appropriate medication adherence and usage. Appropriate patient counselling reduces the likelihood of inhalational technique errors and increases adherence to inhalers. AIM: To investigate how often inhalers are prescribed and assess how well Obstructive Lung Disease patients adhere to their inhalational regimen. OBJECTIVE: To study the prescribing pattern of inhalers in Obstructive Lung Disease, to find the errors in inhalational techniques before and after patient counselling and to evaluate the adherence to inhalers before and after counselling in patients with Obstructive Lung Disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 61 patients with COPD or asthma were included in a prospective observational study. Proforma from the outpatient record and in-person interviews with the patient were used to gather patient data. Patients were instructed to use their inhalers, and a standard checklist was used to evaluate any errors in inhalation technique. The Evaluation of Adherence to Inhalers (EAI), a 12-item questionnaire, was used to evaluate inhaler adherence. The total questionnaire score was used to calculate adherence. Following the evaluation, each participant received instruction and counselling on appropriate inhalation techniques. A month after the patient counselling, the assessment of inhalational technique errors and the adherence test were conducted again. RESULT: According to the study, 44.26% of the sample was older than 60. Of them, women made up the majority (63.9%). Patients with asthma made up about 60.6% of the total. 80.3% of patients only use one inhaler at a time. The MDI was the most commonly used inhaler (42.6%), followed by the DPI (45.9%) and the MDI with spacer (11.48%). Budesonide + Formoterol fumarate combination is the most commonly used inhalation medication. The age group of 41-60 years old had the lowest error frequency (p value <0.05), followed by that of 61-80 years old. Following patient counselling, patients with COPD and asthma were more likely to adhere to their inhalers (P value = 0.003). CONCLUSION: The majority of patients exhibited difficulty in correctly using the MDI with spacer. All medical professionals need to be more aware of this; in particular, pharmacists should make sure they understand the proper way to use inhalers, even though the majority of patients in our study were actually given advice on how to use them by nurses. Patients with asthma and COPD were more often prescribed Formoterol + Budesonide inhalers. Since there was a significant improvement in adherence to inhalers following pharmacist intervention in our study, the current results demonstrated that pharmacist counselling can improve adherence to inhalers in patients with Obstructive Lung Disease.

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Obstructive Lung Disease (OLD), Asthma, Inhalers, Errors, Adherence, Patient counselling.

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Dakshina Kannada is a part of Karnataka state and geographically situated on the south western part of India. From earlier, the Arabs had trade contact with Dakshina Kannada. later It trade contact leads to colonial domination. In this paper we discussed how the regional resistance emerged and spread against colonialism and its machinery. it is a glance to the role of a micro region Dakshina Kannada in the Freedom Struggle.

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Dakshina Kannada, Kanara, Mangalore, Freedom Struggle, Karnad Sadashiva Rao, Kudmul Ranga Rao.

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Background/Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders are common among health care workers worldwide. They are a common cause of severe, longterm pain and physical disability. Physiotherapists are highly skilled, licensed health care professionals who work to aid patients relieve pain, restore strength and improve mobility so the purpose of this study was to ascertain the prevalence for WRMDs among north Gujarat region physiotherapists. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey study was conducted in the north Gujarat region over a period of six months. The questionnaire was emailed to 120 physiotherapists. Questionnaire included demographic information such as age and clinical experience. Self-reports of workrelated musculoskeletal symptoms and troubles they experienced during work and another questionnaire had questions regarding which body part is affected. The data was analyzed using the Microsoft Excel. Results: 120 participants completed a musculoskeletal health questionnaire and participants were identified as having musculoskeletal symptoms. The most common site of injury was the neck (40.83%). The lower back (33.33%) was the second most common site of injury. The majority of respondents cited managing a large number of patients a day, continuously assuming uncomfortable positions, and manual therapy methods as risk factors. Reducing contact time with patients was identified as the most common coping strategy. Conclusion: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders constitute a significant health risk in the field of physiotherapists. The prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among physiotherapists in North Gujarat region is high.

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Physiotherapist, Work related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMDs), Work-related injuries

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Weather forecasting using machine learning represents a significant advancement in meteorological science, leveraging data-driven approaches to improve prediction accuracy and efficiency. Machine learning algorithms, particularly deep learning models, can analyze vast datasets from diverse sources, including satellite imagery, historical weather data, and real-time sensor information. These models identify complex patterns and correlations that traditional methods might miss, enabling more precise short-term and long-term forecasts key machine learning techniques in weather forecasting include regression analysis, classification, and neural networks, each suited to different types of predictive tasks. For example, regression models can predict continuous variables like temperature and precipitation levels, while classification models might be used for predicting categorical outcomes such as weather conditions (sunny, rainy, snowy). The integration of machine learning also facilitates adaptive learning, where models continuously improve by incorporating new data, thus enhancing their predictive performance over time. This approach is particularly beneficial in addressing the non-linear and dynamic nature of weather systems. Moreover, machine learning-driven weather forecasting can aid in mitigating the impacts of climate change by providing early warnings for extreme weather events, helping communities prepare and respond effectively. The synergy between machine learning and meteorology promises to transform weather prediction, making it more accurate, reliable, and accessible

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Classification Models, Satellite Imagery, Historical Weather Data, Real-time Sensor Data, Predictive Models, Adaptive Learning, Data-Driven Approaches, Non-linear Systems, Climate Change Mitigation, Extreme Weather Events

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