Volume 13 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

ABSTRACT Background: The meaning of health has evolved over time. Early definitions of health focused on the theme of the body's ability to function; health was seen as a state of normal function that could be disrupted from time to time by disease.1Actually, "arthritis" is not a single disease; it is an informal way of referring to joint pain or joint disease. It is a degenerative, "wear-and-tear" type of arthritis that occurs most often in people 50 years of age and older2. Arthritis affects the functioning ability of a person and associated with many life style factors. Aim: To explore the functional ability and factors associated with knee osteoarthritis among rural elder women. Materials and methods:The samples were selected by complete Convenient sampling Technique method. The sample consisted 160 elder women from Keludi village, Bagalkotwith 80 in case group (with knee osteoarthritis and 80 in control group. Cases were screened using ACR criteria of knee osteoarthritis. Controls were selected with reference to age of cases. Both the groups were matched with reference to age prior to pretest by using paired t test. Data collection was done using Structured questionnaire to assess baseline profile and HAQ-DI was used to assess functional ability.Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between knee osteoarthritis and functional ability. Findings of the study: In case group 43.8% elder women were in age group 50-60 years. 45% faced much difficulty to dress and undress themselves, 38.8% had much difficulty to get in and get out of bed by their ownand 45% were unable to stand up from chair. A significant association was found between among knee osteoarthritis among elder women and their functional ability; walking (P<0.0215), stand up and get in bed (P<0.0261) and grip (P<0.002).

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 Keywords

Knee osteoarthritis, Elder women, Functional ability, Rural area and Physical activity.

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Abstract Kamala (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.), known as Sacred Lotus, holds a prominent position in both Ayurveda and Indian culture. This review consolidates classical Ayurvedic references from Vedas, Samhit?s, and Nigha??us, alongside modern botanical and pharmacological findings. The plant exhibits diverse medicinal properties including anti-inflammatory, cooling, and hemostatic effects. Used extensively across formulations in Caraka, Su?ruta, and A????ga Sa?hit?s, Kamala offers a valuable model for integrative therapeutics.

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Kamala, classic review

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Farm waste management is a significant challenge in modern agriculture, particularly in regions like Ayodhya district, where farming serves as a primary livelihood source. This study assesses the current status of farm waste generation and management practices among farmers in the district, based on data collected from 120 respondents. The survey focused on socio-economic conditions, farm types, crop and livestock patterns, and the types and quantities of waste generated. The findings reveal that crop residues are the most commonly produced waste, followed by animal waste. Wheat is the dominant crop, grown by (50%) of respondents, and cattle are the major livestock. Most farmers generate between 100-200 kg of waste per month, and manual harvesting remains prevalent, with most farmers relying on traditional methods. In terms of waste management practices, the majority of respondents use farm waste as fodder (65.8%), making it the most common approach, while composting is the second most adopted method, reflecting some engagement with organic recycling. Overall, the study underscores the need for increased awareness, technical support, and infrastructure development to support more sustainable and diversified farm waste management strategies in the region.

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farm waste, farm waste management, current scenario of farm waste

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Mango production in India plays a crucial role in the agricultural sector, but its quality and yield are significantly impacted by various plant diseases. Traditional disease detection methods are time-consuming, costly, and require expertise. This paper proposes a Smart Indian Mango Disease Detection and Classification System utilizing a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model for real-time disease identification. The system processes mango leaf images to detect diseases such as anthracnose, powdery mildew, and bacterial black spot, thereby reducing human intervention and ensuring efficient monitoring. The methodology incorporates image pre-processing, feature extraction, classification, and performance evaluation. The experimental results demonstrate an accuracy of 92.4%, proving the system's reliability and effectiveness. Future enhancements may include the integration of IoT-based remote monitoring for real-time disease detection and control.

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Mango Disease Detection, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Deep Learning in Agriculture, Image Processing, Plant Disease Classification, Computer Vision in Agriculture, AI-Based Disease Detection, Precision Agriculture.

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The Prime Minister's Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP) is a flagship scheme of the Government of India aimed at generating employment opportunities by promoting self-employment ventures through the establishment of micro-enterprises. It is a credit-linked subsidy program implemented by the Ministry of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises and is administered by the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) at the national level. The current research focuses on the government of India's most well-known and successful initiative, the PMEGP. This research focuses the awareness and as well as scheme impact on entrepreneurship skills among college students in Sivakasi Taluk.

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Prime Minister's Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP)

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India's foreign policy is profoundly shaped by its geographical location, placing it at the heart of South Asia. Its relations with neighboring countries are therefore critical to its security, economic prosperity, and regional influence. This paper examines the evolution and dynamics of India's foreign policy towards its neighbors. It focuses on key themes such as historical legacies, strategic imperatives, economic interdependence, and cultural connections. It analyzes the complexities of India's relationships with Pakistan, China, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, and Myanmar, highlighting both areas of cooperation and enduring challenges. Through a review of scholarly literature, policy documents, and contemporary news sources, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of India's neighborhood policy and its implications for regional stability and development.

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India, Foreign Policy, Neighbourhood Policy, South Asia, Regional Relations, Diplomacy, Security, Economic Cooperation

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AI refers to the development of intelligent computational systems capable of mimicking human-like cognitive functions such as perception, reasoning, and decision-making. Unlike traditional programming, AI can operate beyond biologically inspired models to solve complex problems. With exponential data growth from both human and machine sources, AI plays a critical role in processing information and automating decision-making. This study reviews the foundational concepts, historical evolution, core technologies, and real-world applications of AI across various industries.

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machine learning, deep learning, neural networks, Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Base System

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In an era of rapid technological advancements and growing scientific curiosity, the field of seedbed preparation has seen significant transformations. This review paper explores the latest developments, challenges, and future prospects within the domain, providing a comprehensive understanding of how innovations are shaping both theoretical and practical aspects. A key focus of this review is the evolving methodologies that have redefined traditional approaches, offering improved efficiency, accuracy, and applicability. From foundational concepts to cutting-edge advancements, the discussion highlights the integration of novel techniques and interdisciplinary perspectives that have propelled progress. Additionally, the paper examines real-world applications, demonstrating how these advancements contribute to solving complex problems and enhancing everyday experiences. Despite notable progress, challenges remain. Issues such as scalability, ethical considerations, and practical implementation hurdles pose significant barriers to widespread adoption. This review critically evaluates these challenges while shedding light on ongoing efforts to address them through emerging technologies and innovative solutions. Looking ahead, the future of Agriculture holds immense promise, with research trends indicating a shift towards greater automation, sustainability, and inclusivity. As the field continues to evolve, collaborative efforts across disciplines will be crucial in unlocking its full potential. This review aims to provide an insightful and engaging narrative, making complex concepts accessible while encouraging further exploration. By bridging the gap between past achievements, present developments, and future possibilities, it serves as a valuable resource for researchers, professionals, and enthusiasts alike.

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Seedbed Preparation in Nurseries: A Systematic Review of Techniques and Best Practices

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This project presents the design and implementation of a measurement system using a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) to process mixed-signal inputs and perform a variety of signal measurements. The system is capable of accurately measuring essential parameters of the input signal, such as voltage levels, 8 bit parallel digital data and 8 bit serial digital data (in formats like hexa decimal or Binary).The FPGA is responsible for the real-time processing of the signals and the extraction of these measurements, leveraging its parallel processing capabilities to ensure high-speed performance. The system integrates a USB-to-UART interface for communication between the FPGA and a personal computer. This interface enables the transmission of the measured data to the PC, where it can be displayed and analyzed via a user-friendly graphical interface. The measured values, including voltage, digital input are presented on the PC in an easily interpretable format, allowing for real-time monitoring and evaluation of the input signal.

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Mixed-signal measurement system, FPGA, ADC, UART, real-time monitoring, signal analysis, digital data acquisition.

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This paper presents a comparative study on the structural performance of flat slab, waffle slab, and conventional slab systems in a multi-storey (G+5) commercial building using ETABS software. The building is modelled and analyzed under seismic zone III conditions using dynamic response spectrum methods. The comparison focuses on critical parameters such as lateral load, storey displacement, storey drift, base shear, and base reactions. The results of flat slabs exhibit higher storey drift and base shear due to increased flexibility. The findings aim to inform optimal slab system selection for commercial buildings in seismic zones.

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Flat slab, Waffle slab, Conventional slab, RCC building, Seismic analysis, ETABS, Response spectrum, Storey drift, Displacement, Base Shear.

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