Volume 14 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

Maintaining good oral hygiene is important for overall health and well-being. One common oral health concern is halitosis (bad breath), which occurs due to the activity of microorganisms present in the oral cavity. Many commercial mouth fresheners and oral care products are used to reduce bad breath; however, these products often contain synthetic additives that may cause side effects such as dry mouth, irritation of oral tissues, and altered taste sensation when used for prolonged periods. As a result, herbal oral care products have gained popularity because they are considered safer, cost-effective, and derived from natural sources. The present study focused on the formulation and evaluation of a herbal liquid mouth freshener using natural ingredients. The formulation consisted of peppermint oil, clove oil, menthol, cardamom extract, fennel extract, honey, stevia, sodium benzoate, and purified water. The preparation involved the separate mixing of aqueous and oil phases, incorporation of herbal extracts, homogenization, and final packaging. The developed formulation was evaluated for various parameters, including organoleptic properties, pH, viscosity, and physical stability. The mouth freshener exhibited a pleasant minty aroma, a sweet and cooling taste, good clarity, and easy dispensing characteristics. The pH of the formulation was found to be 5.89, indicating its suitability for oral use. Additionally, the product showed acceptable viscosity and remained physically stable without any phase separation throughout the study period. These findings suggest that the formulated herbal liquid mouth freshener can effectively support oral hygiene and help reduce bad breath while offering the benefits of natural ingredients.

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Herbal liquid mouth freshener, Oral hygiene, Halitosis, Herbal formulation, Peppermint oil, Clove oil, Menthol, Cardamom extract, Fennel extract, Natural oral care, Physicochemical evaluation, Herbal oral healthcare.

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Jataka stories are an ancient, voluminous body of Buddhist literature that chronicle the previous lives of Gautama Buddha before he attained enlightenment. Dating between 300 BCE and 400 CE, these 547 canonical fables depict the future Buddha (referred to as the Bodhisattva, or Buddha-to-be) reincarnated in various forms, including human kings, outcasts, deities, and a wide array of animals. Each story serves as a moral and spiritual framework, illustrating core principles of Buddhist ethics such as karma, compassion, self-sacrifice, and honesty.Famous Examples of Jataka Stories.my point of view the story given good messages. The mahakapi jataka or story of the great monkey appears both in the Pali collection of tales, way of understanding visual &Folk culture.

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Jataka stories, previous life, Valuesðical morality, paintings, panels Works.

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Background: An adolescent who have high degree of self-esteem will achieve problem solving skills, awareness about self, positive attitude towards self and environment. The term 'Bibliotherapy' is a combination of the Greek words for 'therapy' and 'books. Indeed, the Greeks were well-aware of the therapeutic power of books, inscribing over the door of the ancient library at Thebes the phrase "Healing place for soul. The specific objective is: ? To assess the pretest level of self-esteem among adolescents in experimental group and control group. ? To assess the effectiveness of Bibliotherapy by comparing pre and posttest level of self-esteem among adolescents in experimental and control group. Methodology: This chapter deals with the description of methodology and various steps which are undertaken for gathering and organizing data for the investigation to evaluate the effectiveness of Bibliotherapy on self-esteem among adolescents in high schools at Bangalore. Quantitative approach was used to evaluate the effectiveness of Bibliotherapy. In this study, Quasi experimental non randomized control group design (pretest posttest Control group design) used in this study. Results: The investigator concluded that experimental adolescents had the self-esteem level as 14(46.67%) had low self-esteem, 16(53.3%) had moderate self-esteem and 0 (0%) had high self-esteem. In control group 6(20.0%) had low self-esteem, 24(80.0%) had moderate self-esteem and (0%) had high self-esteem. The comparison of pre and posttest level of self-esteem in experimental group. The pretest mean value of self-esteem was 28.06 with S.D 5.05 and the posttest mean value of self-esteem was 67.06 with S.D 6.88. The calculated Paired 't' value of t = 27.802 was found to be statistically significant at p<0.001 level. Conclusion: The following conclusions are drawn from the findings of the study. Bibliotherapy is more effective intervention to improve the level of self-esteem. The bibliotherapy helps to promote well-being of the persons. The experimental group adolescents were experienced more benefit.

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Evaluate, Effectiveness, Bibliotherapy, Self Esteem, Adolescents

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The study examines the social status of single women in backward and disadvantaged areas of Odisha. The findings of this study revealed that, across all age groups, single women are neglected and harassed. Single women do not get equal status with men in social life. They have been deprived of political, religious, cultural, and family rights. The status of women varies globally and across India. It reflects a complex picture of progress and ongoing challenges. While women's education, workforce participation, and legal rights have improved, significant obstacles remain, such as gender discrimination, violence against women, unequal pay, and limited political representation. Singlehood, in various forms--such as widows, separated women, and divorcees--is defined by social status. Single women are often overlooked in discussions about women's status. This paper presents challenges faced by single women in disadvantaged areas of Bhubaneswar, the capital city of Odisha, India.

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Single women, widow, divorcee, challenges, society

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This study aimed to diagnose power quality issues and develop a corrective scheme for the 13.2 kV/7.62 kV Feeder-5 distribution line system connected to the Mabiga Substation of Pampanga II Electric Cooperative, Inc. in Mabalacat City, Pampanga, Philippines. The research specifically investigated recurring problems of low voltage and harmonic distortion affecting residential, commercial, industrial, and irrigation consumers supplied by the feeder. A descriptive-analytical quantitative research design was employed and supported by qualitative validation from utility personnel. Primary data were collected through continuous monitoring using a Class A power quality analyzer installed at critical locations of the feeder, including the transformer tapping point and selected end-of-line areas. Monitoring was conducted for at least seven days to capture variations in load profiles and operational conditions. Measured parameters included balanced voltage magnitude, voltage imbalance, total harmonic distortion of voltage (THDv), and total harmonic distortion of current (THDi). These measurements were statistically analyzed and compared with international power quality standards such as IEEE 519-2022 and IEC 61000. Results revealed persistent undervoltage conditions across several segments of the feeder and elevated harmonic distortion levels, particularly during peak loading periods and in areas with significant nonlinear loads. Industrial and commercial load profiles exhibited the highest harmonic distortion levels, while residential areas generally maintained more stable voltage conditions. Further analysis showed that feeder loading, nonlinear equipment, load imbalance, and aging distribution infrastructure contributed significantly to the observed disturbances. Two corrective scheme proposals were developed and evaluated through load flow and harmonic simulations combined with technical economic comparison. Simulation results indicated that the recommended scheme improved voltage stability, reduced harmonic distortion, enhanced feeder reliability, and minimized system losses. The study provides a practical framework for diagnosing power quality problems and designing effective mitigation strategies in medium-voltage distribution systems, offering valuable guidance for electric cooperatives seeking improved operational performance and regulatory compliance.

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power quality, harmonic distortion, low voltage, feeder distribution system, corrective scheme development

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The Lc50 values of lindane for H. fossilis fish was estimated using the profit method used 0.028 mg/L observation of the tissues were showed that Lindane had profound of the experimental organs the kidney head constriction of the tubular lumen 'Lindane dose of sub lethal concentration is too harmful in H. fossilis the application of the this pesticides close and touched the animal body of water is harmful dangerous for Aquatic life because corpuscles of stannius (C.S.) in valued in calcium and ionic balance regulation and also thyroid is endoenine in nature and regulate to metabolic and physiochemical function for growth and developed. 96 hrs. Lc50 for 10 days histopathological studied necrosis and degeneration of tissue large vacuoles shown hyper activity and altered secretion function the presence of Lindane toxicity. Pathological changed due to the reason of endocrine balance osmoregulation. Metabolism and biological ecological environmental of survival conditions in Lindane nature in Neurotoxicogenic.

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Lindane, water, fishes, exposed tissues, i.e. thyroid (Jaw), corpuscles of stannius (Kidney).

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Pharmacovigilance constitutes a significant aspect of healthcare concerned with identification, evaluation, and prevention of adverse effects caused by drug use. Medical coding serves as an integral component of pharmacovigilance in which medical information is transformed into standardized codes. The present study sought to assess the level of awareness of pharmacy students and healthcare professionals concerning medical coding in pharmacovigilance and career options within the latter domain. The research design involved the distribution of a structured questionnaire among respondents. The questionnaire comprised questions concerning knowledge of pharmacovigilance, awareness of medical coding and associated job options, and willingness to participate in educational activities on the topic. Collected information was statistically analyzed and the results visualized using graphs and tables. The research findings revealed that despite relatively high levels of pharmacovigilance knowledge among the majority of participants, their awareness of medical coding systems and career options within the field remained rather low. At the same time, the number of participants interested in medical coding education turned out to be substantial.

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Medical Coding, Pharmacovigilance, MedDRA, ICD, Career Opportunities

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This paper proposes an AI-Driven Adaptive E-Learning Platform that enhances personalized learning through artificial intelligence and real-time analytics. The system enables students to attend quizzes, view courses, and monitor their learning progress, while instructors create question sets, upload materials, and generate assessments. An AI engine is used to generate MCQs and detect learner emotions during assessments. The platform analyzes quiz performance, emotional responses, and video interaction data such as watch time and pauses to understand learner behavior. Based on this analysis, the system provides personalized content recommendations to improve learning effectiveness. Additionally, an analytics module generates performance reports to help instructors track student engagement and outcomes. The proposed platform supports adaptive, data-driven education and improves overall learning efficiency.

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Artificial Intelligence, Adaptive E-Learning, Personalized Learning, Emotion Detection, Learning Analytics, MCQ Generation, Recommendation System, Student Performance Analysis, Real-Time Analytics, Educational Technology

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The present experimental study aimed to investigate the influence of anthropometric, physiological, and psychological variables on the performance level of sportswomen in Karnataka. The selected variables included anthropometric variable (skinfold thickness), physiological variables (heart rate and VO? Max), and psychological variables (self-confidence and aggressive behavior). Sixty sportswomen aged between 18 and 25 years from various colleges and universities in Karnataka were randomly selected as subjects and divided equally into experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent a scientifically designed 12-week training programme, whereas the control group continued their routine activities without specialized training. Pre-test and post-test measurements were collected using standardized instruments. The data were analyzed using Mean, Standard Deviation, paired t-test, and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The findings indicated significant improvement in physiological and psychological variables and reduction in skinfold measurements among the experimental group. The study concluded that systematic sports training positively influences anthropometric, physiological, and psychological characteristics, thereby enhancing the overall performance of sportswomen.

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Anthropometric variables, Physiological variables, Psychological variables, Sportswomen, Karnataka, VO? Max, Self-confidence, Aggressive behavior.

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International trade plays a crucial role in economic development by enabling countries to specialize according to their comparative advantages and expand market opportunities. However, global trade relations have historically been shaped by structural imbalances between developed and developing countries, limiting the ability of developing economies to fully benefit from global trade integration (World Trade Organization [WTO], 2023). Within South Asia, India and Pakistan represent the two largest economies and share strong geographical, cultural and historical ties. Despite their proximity and complementary production structures, bilateral trade between the two countries remains significantly below its potential due to persistent political tensions, trade restrictions and infrastructural limitations (Taneja, 2013). Agriculture remains a vital sector in both economies, employing a substantial share of the labour force and contributing significantly to national income. Given the similarities in agro-climatic conditions and production patterns, agricultural trade between the two countries holds considerable potential. By analysing existing literature, trade statistics and economic indicators, the study highlights structural constraints and identifies opportunities for strengthening bilateral agricultural trade relations. The findings suggest that improving trade facilitation, reducing non-tariff barriers and strengthening institutional cooperation could significantly enhance agricultural trade between the two countries and contribute to regional economic integration in South Asia.

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India-Pakistan Trade, Agricultural Trade, South Asian Economic Cooperation, SAFTA, Bilateral Trade Relations, Trade Barriers.

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