Volume 14 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

This work encapsulates a comprehensive review of four decades of economic research involving highly relevant concepts with applications of fields like subjective well-being and happiness of individuals within the broad domain of behavioural economics. The idea is to bridge the gap between the traditional theories of economics and those relevant in the contemporary economic applications. The study draws from traditional economics to contemporary aspects like the mediating role of pleasure, subjective well-being, work-life balance, and establishing a relationship between happiness and entrepreneurial intention. The study also goes into coping strategies during pandemics, the influence of socioeconomic status on mental health, and gene-environment interactions in subjective well-being. The review's conclusion highlights the necessity for national accounts of subjective well-being to guide community and societal policy decisions. It also discusses future research possibilities and policy implications.

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 Keywords

Happiness economics, Subjective well-being, Affective processes, Emotional intelligence, Work-life balance

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver disorders worldwide and is emerging as a serious metabolic health burden. It is characterized by excessive fat accumulation in hepatocytes in individuals with negligible alcohol intake. The increasing prevalence of obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, sedentary lifestyle, and metabolic syndrome has significantly contributed to the rise of NAFLD globally. Modern medical science currently emphasizes lifestyle modification as the primary therapeutic intervention, while no universally accepted pharmacological treatment is available. Ayurveda explains liver disorders under the concepts of Yakrit Roga, Medoroga, Santarpanottha Vikara, and Agnimandya.1 Arogyavardhini Vati is a classical Kharaliya Rasayana formulation extensively used in hepatic, metabolic, dermatological, and digestive disorders. The formulation contains Katuki, Triphala, Guggulu, Shilajatu, Tamra Bhasma, Loha Bhasma, and purified mineral ingredients possessing Deepana, Pachana, Lekhana, Medohara, and hepatoprotective properties.2 The formulation acts by correcting impaired Agni, eliminating Ama, stimulating bile secretion, improving lipid metabolism, and protecting hepatocytes from oxidative stress and inflammation. Several clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated the efficacy of Arogyavardhini Vati in improving liver enzymes, lipid profile, hepatomegaly, and ultrasonographic findings in NAFLD patients.3 This review critically evaluates the role of Arogyavardhini Vati in NAFLD from both Ayurvedic and modern perspectives.

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 Keywords

Arogyavardhini Vati, NAFLD, Yakrit Roga, Medoroga, Fatty Liver, Ayurveda, Hepatoprotective.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Self-Help Groups (SHGs) have emerged as an effective tool for promoting women's empowerment in rural areas. This study examines the impact of SHGs on women's empowerment in the hilly regions of Uttarakhand, focusing on the relationship between social and political empowerment and economic empowerment. Primary data were collected from 180 women SHG members and analyzed using regression analysis.

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 Keywords

Self-Help Groups, Women Empowerment, Economic Empowerment, Social and Political Empowerment, Uttarakhand.

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This paper introduces and studies the Sumudu transform with parameter p, the Fourier transform with parameter s, and their combined structure, the Sumudu-Fourier transform (SFT). A generalized formulation of the SFT is developed in the framework of distributions of compact support, enabling its extension to a broad class of generalized functions in the dual space . The analyticity properties of both the classical and distributional SFT are investigated. By applying Cauchy's integral formula and exploiting appropriate growth conditions on corresponding kernels, we demonstrate that the Sumudu-Fourier transform is analytic in complex domains of the parameters p and s. The analyticity proofs rely on convergence of incremental ratios in the dual space and on uniform bounds for transform kernels. These results establish a rigorous mathematical foundation for parameter-dependent Sumudu-Fourier transforms and extend their applicability to generalized function spaces.

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 Keywords

Sumudu Transform, Fourier Transform, Sumudu -Fourier Transform, Generalized function, Testing function space.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Braille is a tactile writing and reading system that enables individuals with visual impairments to access information through raised dot patterns and supports independent communication and learning activities. This study presents BrailleSpeak, a smart voice-guided portable Braille interface designed to improve accessibility and daily interaction for individuals with visual impairments. The system integrates an Arduino-based control unit, Bluetooth communication, speech processing, electromagnetic solenoids, and audio feedback mechanisms to convert spoken commands into corresponding Braille characters in real time. Voice inputs received through a mobile application are transmitted wirelessly and translated into tactile outputs displayed on a compact Braille interface. Simultaneously, audio responses provide confirmation of recognized commands and generated outputs. The proposed approach emphasizes portability, affordability, user convenience, and efficient information access without continuous external assistance. Experimental evaluation using alphabetic characters and numeric inputs demonstrates reliable operation, accurate Braille representation, and responsive feedback performance. The developed device contributes to assistive technology by supporting inclusive communication, educational engagement, and independent navigation tasks. Furthermore, the design offers a practical framework for future accessibility innovations.

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 Keywords

BrailleSpeak, Voice-Guided Interface, Assistive Technology, Arduino Uno, Speech Processing, Bluetooth Communication, Audio Feedback, Portable Braille System, Visual Impairment, Accessibility.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Rural markets in India are entering a phase that is structurally different from what was prevalent earlier. Physical reach, digital payment readiness, localized brand meaning and last-mile fulfilment are becoming mutually reinforcing capabilities. This paper investigates the rural retail transformation strategy through a study to 2030. We analyse how digital payments, localized branding and last-mile market innovation affect the consumers reach, consumers trust, and retail growth in emerging rural markets. This study adopts a descriptive and analytical design using secondary evidence from government reports, payment-system reports, financial-inclusion reports and retail-sector reports, supplemented by a hypothetical primary survey dataset of 320 rural consumers and small retailers. The framework describes how a consumer's extensive reach is achieved through the adoption of digital payment, localised branding and last mile innovation, the consumer trust is a mediating behavioural mechanism. The hypothetical descriptive, correlation, regression, and ANOVA results indicate that convenience of digital payment, local language brand communication, affordability of products, familiarity of retailers and access to reliable delivery are the significant predictors of rural purchasing behaviour. Digital payments seem likely to reduce transaction friction while localized branding enhances symbolic relevance and social acceptability. Last-mile initiatives such as micro-retailers, assisted commerce, mobile ordering and rural entrepreneurship are pushing the market beyond the traditional distribution area. According to the study, digitization alone will not capture the rural retail opportunity towards 2030. It should be a hybrid model that combines payment infrastructure, culturally rooted branding, trusted intermediaries, and accountable last-mile networks. The paper wraps up with managerial and policy implications for an inclusive, scalable, and trust-sensitive rural retailing strategy.

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 Keywords

Rural retail; digital payments; localized branding; last-mile innovation; consumer trust; rural consumers; India 2030

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This project presents the development of an advanced Intrusion Detection System (IDS) that utilizes machine learning algorithms, specifically Random Forest and Linear Regression, to detect and classify diverse network attacks, including Denial of Service (DOS), probe, remote to local, and user to local. The proposed IDS addresses the challenge of imbalanced datasets through effective data balancing techniques, ensuring optimal performance and accurate identification of network threats. To provide real-time insights and monitoring, the IDS integrates a Flask web application that offers interactive visualizations. Network administrators can visualize model performance metrics, detected attack types, and real-time network traffic analysis through user-friendly charts and graphs. The IDS system demonstrates enhanced accuracy in detecting both known and novel attack patterns while minimizing false positives. Its capability to handle complex attack scenarios ensures a robust and reliable defense against emerging threats. By leveraging machine learning algorithms and real-time monitoring, the developed IDS empowers administrators to promptly respond to potential security breaches, thereby bolstering overall network security. In conclusion, this project contributes an effective and efficient IDS solution, providing a comprehensive tool for safeguarding network infrastructures against a wide range of intrusions. Continuous updates and feedback-driven improvements are essential to maintain the IDS's efficacy in an ever-evolving cybersecurity

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 Keywords

Intrusion Detection System, machine learning, flask frame

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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A Study of the Chenging Role and Challenges of teachers in the context of the National Education Policy 2020

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A Study of the Chenging Role and Challenges of teachers in the context of the National Education Policy 2020

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This study describes the development and evaluation of a polyherbal anti-dandruff hair gel using medicinal plant extracts including guava leaves (Psidium guajava), curry leaves (Murraya koenigii), amla (Emblica officinalis), and aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis). Due to the limitations and side effects associated with prolonged use of conventional anti-dandruff products, herbal alternatives offer a safer approach. The gel was formulated by a simple and economical method and evaluated for physicochemical parameters such as appearance, pH, consistency, spreadability, viscosity, homogeneity, washability, and stability. Antimicrobial activity against dandruff-causing microorganisms was assessed using the agar well diffusion method. The formulated gel showed satisfactory physical characteristics, good stability, and effective antimicrobial activity. These findings indicate that the developed polyherbal hair gel has potential as a safe, effective, and eco-friendly formulation for the management of dandruff and improvement of scalp health.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Herbal hair gel, Anti-dandruff, Guava leaves extract, Scalp health, Anti-microbial activity.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The rapid growth of Internet-connected devices and modern communication networks has significantly increased cybersecurity threats. Traditional Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are often ineffective against sophisticated and zero-day attacks due to their dependence on static signatures and predefined rules. Recent developments in machine learning, deep learning, and reinforcement learning have significantly improved the capability of intrusion detection systems to identify both known and unknown network attacks. This literature review presents a comprehensive analysis of recent research works related to network intrusion detection systems, emphasizing machine learning, deep learning, explainable AI, ensemble learning, and reinforcement learning approaches. The review identifies current challenges, strengths, and research gaps that motivate the development of a Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning-based Network Intrusion Detection System.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Internet, cybersecurity, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL), and Reinforcement Learning (RL)

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition