Volume 13 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

The managerial function "organising may be defining and grouping the activities of the enterprise and establishing authority, responsibility and relationship among them. The study focused on the impact of managerial role and socio-economic characteristic on organizational structure and organizational Effectiveness. It used survey method with both primary and secondary source of data. A sample of 75 respondents was taken from employees of spinning mills Statistical tools of like descriptive, correlation analysis were utilised. The study concluded that the managers play a crucial role in organizational effectiveness and lead to a significant increase in organisational Structure with Independent variables.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Managerial Role, Organizational structure, Organizational Effectiveness.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Kamala Surayya (1934-2009), better known as Kamala Das and revered as "the mother of Indian English Poetry," regardless of her plaintive poetic voice, is a highly anthologized and distinguished figure in contemporary Indian English literature, encompassing evocative poetry, novels, and short stories to her credit. The present study, taking into account Das's selected poems, such as "Krishna," "Ghanshyam," "Radha," "The Maggots," "A Phantom Lotus," and "Radha-Krishna," painstakingly portrays the mythical-cum-spiritual imagery and symbolism she borrowed from mythology, emphasizing the cyclical and spiritual aspects of her experiences. Das extensively employs mythical imagery, which enables her to explore the collective unconscious and use archetypal symbols and stories that have universal appeal across nations and time. She gives her poetry a feeling of universality and timelessness by referencing mythological characters, gods, and goddesses from Hindu mythology. While serving as a link between the past and the present, these mythical images connect the reader to historical traditions rich in knowledge and significance.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Imagery, symbolism, spirituality, myth, love, feminine sensibility

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This review provides an in-depth analysis of nanomaterial-based anode layers in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), highlighting their significant contributions to device performance enhancement. Metal-based nano oxides are commonly in practiced as active electrodes because of their exceptional flexibility, electrical conductivity, and transparency. Incorporating these nanostructured materials into the anode layer has led to improved charge injection, enhanced light extraction efficiency, and increased device stability. The review discusses various synthesis methods, deposition techniques, and performance characteristics of nano-material-based anode layers. We also discuss the influence of nanostructure morphology, surface functionalization, and interface engineering on OLED performance indicators such as luminous efficacy, current efficiency, and lifetime. Overall, this report highlights the enormous potential of nanomaterial-based anode layers for advanced OLED applications, especially in various areas of lighting and displays.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Metal-based nano oxides;device stability;synthesis; nanostructure morphology;electrical conductivity;luminous efficiency.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract: The English language has played a significant role in shaping modern India, especially in the fields of education, communication, administration, and technology. This article aims to explore the origin and historical background of the English language in India, tracing its introduction during the British colonial rule. It highlights the reasons for the implementation of English over regional languages like Sanskrit, Urdu, and Persian. The article further discusses how English gradually became a medium of instruction and official communication in India, influencing the socio-cultural and educational landscape of the country. Even after India's independence, English continued to hold its importance as an official language due to globalization, the rise of international trade, and the increasing demand for English proficiency in professional sectors. The article also examines the impact of English on regional languages, the shift in cultural practices, and the changing mindset of people towards English as a symbol of progress and modernity. Finally, the article emphasizes the need for a balanced approach where both English and regional languages are preserved and promoted for holistic development

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: English Language, Implementation, Regional Languages, India, British Rule, Education System, Cultural Impact, Globalization, Official Language, Communication, Language Policy.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Green synthesis and environmental sustainability have emerged as critical pillars in the development of next-generation agrochemicals, particularly pesticides. Traditional pesticide production often relies on hazardous solvents, energy-intensive processes, and toxic intermediates, contributing to significant environmental degradation and health risks. In response, green chemistry offers innovative and sustainable alternatives, focusing on the use of renewable resources, non-toxic reagents, and energy-efficient methodologies. Techniques such as biocatalysis, solvent-free synthesis, and plant- or microbial-mediated routes are gaining prominence for their eco-friendliness and compatibility with sustainable agriculture. Nano-enabled pesticides--encompassing nanosuspensions, nano capsules, nano emulsions, and nano clays--enable controlled and targeted delivery of active ingredients, enhancing their efficacy while reducing the required dosage and environmental impact. Some nanoparticles, such as silver (AgNPs), zinc oxide (ZnO), and copper oxide (CuO), possess inherent insecticidal properties and are used directly in pest control formulations. When synthesized using green methods--such as plant extracts or microbial cultures--these nanoparticles align further with the principles of green chemistry. it discusses the challenges associated with toxicity, regulatory uncertainty, and commercialization, while proposing future directions to improve safety, scalability, and public acceptance. Integrating green and nano-enabled pesticides represents a transformative step toward environmentally responsible and sustainable agriculture.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Green synthesis, Environmental sustainability, Pesticide resistance, Biocatalysis, Nanotechnology, Nano-pesticides, Bio-nano-insecticides, Sustainable agriculture

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This study aims to find the effects of an 8-week strength and skill training program on the physical performance of male field hockey players, specifically focusing on speed and agility. Forty-five competitive players aged 16 -23 years were randomly assigned to one of three groups: Skill Training (n = 15), Strength Training (n = 15), and a Control Group (n = 15) with no specialized intervention. Physical performance was evaluated before and after the training period using the 50-meter sprint for speed and the T-test for agility. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), controlling for baseline measurements. The findings revealed statistically significant improvements in both speed and agility among the experimental groups, with the greatest gains observed in the Strength Training group (Speed: M = 6.45 s; Agility: M = 11.68 s). ANCOVA results indicated significant between-group differences--Speed (F(2, 41) = 33.61, p < .001) and Agility (F(2, 41) = 10.37, p < .001)--demonstrating a strong effect of the intervention. These results align with previous research suggesting that integrated strength training is highly effective for improving sprint mechanics and multidirectional movement, both of which are essential in field hockey. In conclusion, an approach to strength training with regular practice significantly enhances speed and agility more effectively than skill training alone or standard practice routines. These outcomes offer valuable implications for coaches and trainers seeking to develop comprehensive, evidence-based conditioning programs that optimize athletic performance.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

field hockey, strength training, skill training, speed, agility, physical fitness, sports performance.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

MARKETING ROI: A BIRD'S EYE VIEW Abstract: The presentation of the marketing ROI concepts is intended to apply across a broad range of industries and applications. There are differences in the way marketing is measured and also differences in terminology. The underlying principles should be valid regardless of industry. One should also be note that there are limitations to the effectiveness of marketing ROI practices. One of the foundations for guiding better marketing investments is that measurements and analysis will be effective at predicting the returns on future investments. Companies that have low-quantity, high-value customers are subject to less predictability. The same applies to marketing initiatives that generate low sales volume. Measuring the value of a single speaking engagement at a conference of assigning a large team to pitch a single client over the course of a year may not be possible. The intention is to improve the measurement of the financial value of marketing investments wherever possible the Financial value recognize that other decisions will still need to be subjective or rely on nonfinancial value. Another key assumption underlying the principles of marketing ROI is that companies will be able to obtain the data necessary to complete the ROI analyses presented. Companies do not have perfect knowledge of the financial activity surrounding marketing initiatives, but by understanding the benefits that are possible with marketing ROI techniques. Objectives of the Paper: The present paper is an exploratory and descriptive one in nature. The paper is guided by the following objectives: I) To introduce the concept of marketing ROI and present its principles and challenges, and II) To measure and present the overall profitability of selected important Companies with higher Marketing ROI during 2010 to 2024. The ROI formula in its most basic format: Return Gross Margin - Marketing Investment ROI = ------------ = --------------------------------------------------- Investment Marketing Investment ROI is presented in the form of a percent so that a positive number indicates a financial gain from the investment and a negative number indicates a financial loss. When the gross margin is equal to the marketing investment, the ROI is 0 percent and the investment is considered to be breakeven. SUGGESTION: With this back drop, it is suggested that the Companies shall not only aim for overall profitability, Cost Control and Cost Reduction but also aim for possibly higher marketing ROI in each and every financial year. Key Words:(I) Marketing ROI, (2) Corporate Elite Club (3) Cost control and Cost Reduction.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

:(I) Marketing ROI, (2) Corporate Elite Club (3) Cost control and Cost Reduction.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is an ordinary degenerative joint sickness that extensively affects the pleasant of life. Early and accurate diagnosis is critical for effective management and treatment. This project, titled "Predicting and Classifying Knee Osteoarthritis with Deep Learning on X-ray Images," aims to develop an automated system for accurate prediction and classification of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) severity from X-ray images using deep learning, addressing the limitations of subjective visual assessment. Current KOA diagnosis relies heavily on visual interpretation of X-rays by radiologists, often using the Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grading system. This method is subjective, leading to inter-observer variability and potential diagnostic inconsistencies. This model classifies knee osteoarthritis from normal to a severe stage. We propose a deep learning-based system employing Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to automatically analyse knee X-ray images and classify KOA severity into different KL grades. The core algorithm employed is a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with developing a modified VGG16 and MobileNetV2 as the foundational model. This study underscores the transformative potential of deep learning in automating KOA diagnosis and classification. The system's high accuracy and scalability, especially with the MobileNetV2 model, make it a viable solution for real-world clinical applications, promising significant improvements in diagnostic efficiency and patient outcomes.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Knee Osteoarthritis, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), KOA Prediction, KOA Classification, KL Grading System

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This study introduces two novel training frameworks--Gradient Boosted Recurrent Neural Network (GB-RNN) and Gradient Boosted Deep Neural Network (GB-DNN)--that synergize the principles of ensemble learning with deep learning models. By employing a stage-wise refinement strategy inspired by boosting, these models incrementally construct layered architectures that address limitations often seen in conventional neural networks, such as excessive model complexity, unstable gradients, and susceptibility to overfitting. Each layer in the network is trained to improve upon the residual shortcomings of previous iterations, enabling more efficient learning. Experimental validation is conducted using the CIFAR-10 image dataset, and performance is assessed using comprehensive classification metrics, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Gradient Boosting, Deep Learning, GB-RNN, GB-DNN, Image Classification, CIFAR-10, Ensemble Learning, Pseudo-Residual Learning, Layer Freezing, Dense Layers, Overfitting Reduction, Sequential Modeling, Fine-Tuning, Residual Correction, Performance Evaluation.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This paper investigates the phenomenon of investor herding during bear market phases with a focus on emerging markets. Herding behavior refers to investors mimicking the actions of others rather than relying on their independent analysis. During bear markets, such behavior tends to intensify due to heightened uncertainty and fear of further losses. The study utilizes both qualitative and quantitative approaches, analyzing data from secondary financial sources, investor surveys, and sentiment indices. The findings suggest that herding behavior is significantly more pronounced in emerging markets during downturns due to limited financial literacy, media influence, and the collective psychological need to conform. The study concludes by recommending educational reforms, regulatory interventions, and behavioral awareness programs to mitigate irrational collective behavior.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Investor Herding During Bear Phases: A Study of Emerging Markets

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition