Volume 13 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

This document presents a data-driven approach to identify customers who may fail to repay their credit obligations. The study used structured financial records that included behavioral and personal characteristics to build and evaluate prediction tools. After cleaning the data for missing values, converting categories, and scaling numeric fields, we scaled it for pattern and distribution analyses. We trained and validated the XGBoost, Random Forest, Decision Tree, and Logistic Regression algorithms. To determine the performance of each model, we used the F1 Score, Precision Score, ROC AUC and Recall Score. Among all the tested algorithms, the predictions of the Random Forest algorithm were very reliable owing to its accurate interpretability and prediction.

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Credit Default, Prediction, Machine Learning Models, Random Forest, Logic Regression, XGBoost, Decision Tree

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The ties between India and Malaysia can be traced backed to ancient times and marked by different connection like linguistic, cultural and historical but the formal diplomatic relations was established with Malaya (predecessor state of Malaysia) in the year 1957. The two countries enjoy a strong friendship but past few decades despite having multiple challenges both nations have maintained steady cooperation in the field of Economics, Investments, Defence, Education, Cultural, Tourism and Parliamentary exchanges. Leaders from both the sides visited each other nations mutually. Recently when Malaysian Prime Minister Mr Anwar Ibrahim paid an official visit to India on 20 July 2024 India and Malaysia decided to upgrade its ties to a "Comprehensive strategic partnership" which reflected the elevation in the status which envisions development of multi-faceted relationships. The paper will discuss in detailed relationships and development in various sector and also discusses issues and challenges pertaining between both the nations.

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Indian foreign policy and South East Asia

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Spironolactone (SPL) is potassium-sparing diuretics. SPL is Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II drug. its poor aqueous solubility presents a significant challenge as it can lead to Slow dissolution and Reduced bioavailability. in present investigation the solubility of Spironolactone is enhanced by Hot Melt Granulation using wax co-solvents like PEG6000, Beeswax. The HMG based formulation was optimized by Central Composite design to study the effect of independent variable i.e. amount of Microcrystalline Cellulose and Crosspovidone on dependent variables like Disintegration time and % Drug release . from the results obtained, optimized formulation batch was selected which showed suitable disintegration time and % drug release.

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Spironolactone, Hot Melt Granulation, Solubility, Dissolution, Tablet

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India is renowned for its rich biodiversity and is often described as a global hub of medicinal plants and traditional healing systems. The country harbors an extensive variety of botanicals such as neem, amla, ashwagandha, turmeric, bael, and Indian cork tree (Millingtonia hortensis), which have long been used for their therapeutic properties [1]. Among these, Millingtonia hortensis stands out as a widely cultivated and highly valued medicinal plant.Millingtonia hortensis Linn., commonly known as the Indian cork tree or jasmine tree, is admired both for its ornamental appeal and medicinal efficacy. Native to Southeast Asia and extensively cultivated in India, this species is typically grown along roadsides, in gardens, and on avenues for its aesthetic and aromatic value [2].Millingtonia hortensis is a tall, fast-growing, evergreen tree that can reach a height of 18 to 25 meters and spreads up to 7 to 11 meters [3]. It is characterized by a straight trunk with few branches and corky bark, which contributes to its common name. The leaves are opposite, imparipinnately bipinnate, with ovate-lanceolate leaflets that are serrate and acute in shape [4]. The white, tubular flowers bloom during the night and fall by morning, releasing a sweet and pleasant fragrance. These flowers appear in large panicles and contribute significantly to the plant's ornamental value.The tree produces flat, two-part capsules containing numerous winged seeds. The wood of Millingtonia hortensis is used locally as timber, while the bark serves as a low-grade substitute for true cork [5]. The plant demonstrates high adaptability to different soil types and climatic conditions, making it a robust species suitable for varied landscapes.Millingtonia hortensis is cultivated extensively in both tropical and subtropical regions. It flowers mainly from April until the onset of the monsoon and again during November and December [6]. The tree thrives in well-drained soils and prefers full sunlight, although it is also tolerant of partial shade. Its resilience and ease of propagation contribute to its popularity as a roadside and garden plant.Various parts of the tree--leaves, flowers, bark, seeds, and roots are traditionally used in Indian systems of medicine. These parts are known for the following therapeutic effects:Anti-asthmatic: The leaves and flowers are used in the treatment of asthma, bronchitis, and other respiratory ailments. The bronchodilatory properties have been validated in pharmacological studies [7].Antimicrobial: Extracts from the bark and flowers have demonstrated antibacterial and antifungal properties against various microbial strains [8].Anti-inflammatory: The plant contains flavonoids and phenolic compounds that inhibit inflammation and provide analgesic relief [9].Hepatoprotective: Preliminary studies suggest that ethanol extracts of Millingtonia hortensis may offer protection against liver damage caused by toxins [10]. Beyond its medicinal applications, Millingtonia hortensis has multiple practical uses:Its bark, although inferior to true cork, is used in corkboard and insulation material [5].The timber, though soft, is suitable for making light furniture and matchsticks.Leaves are occasionally used in smoking mixtures and local tobacco products [11].The tree also plays an ecological role, providing habitat for pollinators and enhancing urban green spaces.

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Millingtonia Hortensis, Brittle wood, Pleasant smell, Foliage, Capsule like fruits, Hepatoprotective effects.

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Abstract Fractures, referred to as Bhagna in Ayurveda, are prevalent musculoskeletal injuries that compromise the integrity of bones and joints, resulting in pain, swelling, immobility, and potential disability if not adequately treated. Classical Ayurvedic texts, particularly the Sushruta Samhita, offer an extensive and nuanced understanding of various types of fractures, their clinical manifestations, and therapeutic approaches within the Shalya Tantra framework. The Ayurvedic treatment strategy for Bhagna Chikitsa is comprehensive and multifaceted, involving structural realignment (Bhagna Sthapana), immobilization (Sthirikarana), internal healing (Sandhana), and rejuvenation (Rasayana). This review seeks to deliver an in-depth overview of the foundational principles, techniques, and clinical applications related to Bhagna Chikitsa in Ayurveda. It examines external therapeutic methods such as Kusha Bandhana, Upanaha Sweda, and the use of medicated oils, alongside internal treatments that include bone- strengthening herbs, Rasayana substances, and Panchakarma therapies like Basti. These treatment modalities are discussed with reference to classical texts and are supported by emerging clinical evidence. Additionally, the article provides a comparative evaluation of Ayurvedic and contemporary orthopedic methodologies, underlining their complementary roles in fracture management. Ayurvedic treatment not only aids in bone healing but also addresses related dosha imbalances, enhances systemic strength, minimizes inflammation, and improves recovery after fractures. The blending of traditional Ayurvedic knowledge with modern diagnostic and surgical practices presents significant potential for clinical applications. By integrating classical principles, pharmacological insights, and modern clinical findings, this review establishes a solid framework for the advancement of Ayurvedic orthopedics and advocates for further exploration of integrative approaches to fracture treatment.

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Keywords: Bhagna Chikitsa, Ayurvedic Orthopedics, Sushruta Samhita, Fracture Management, Asthi Bhagna, Lakshadi Guggulu, Kusha Bandhana, Panchakarma in Fractures, Bone Healing, Rasayana Therapy, Vata Dosha, Integrative Orthopedics

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A universal and essential part of contemporary corporate software development and digital infrastructure is the incorporation of open-source software (OSS). However, this broad use has led to a recurring conflict between corporate proprietary models and the philosophical and legal foundation of robust "copyleft" licenses, such as the GNU General Public License (GPL). This essay contends that copyleft's legal risks, especially the possibility of "license contamination," have developed into a major driving force behind innovation in risk management and corporate governance, moving beyond simple compliance concerns. This study examines the far-reaching operational consequences of copyleft by analyzing internal corporate responses, such as the emergence of the Open Source Program Office (OSPO) and the implementation of the Software Composition Analysis (SCA), and by analyzing how it has transformed Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) technical due diligence, becoming a sustainable source of competitive advantage.

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Copyleft, Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), GPL, Open-Source Software (OSS), License Compliance, M&A Due Diligence, Corporate Governance, Software Composition Analysis (SCA), Open Source Program Office (OSPO)

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Abstract: Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are critical components in safeguarding modern digital infrastructures against cyber threats. Initially rule-based and signature-driven, traditional IDS faced limitations in detecting novel or evolving attacks. With the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML), IDS have significantly improved in accuracy, speed, and adaptability. AI-powered IDS can detect zero-day exploits and reduce false positives through advanced anomaly detection and classification techniques. However, challenges remain--adversarial attacks can exploit ML vulnerabilities, model drift necessitates regular updates, and the use of black-box models raises explainability concerns. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of AI-augmented IDS, highlighting their advantages, common pitfalls, and potential future directions.

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Keywords: Intrusion Detection System (IDS), Adversarial Attacks, Model Drift, Explainable AI (XAI), Anomaly Detection, Zero-Day Attacks,

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Federated learning allows several devices to train decentralized models while preserving local data, however because of the frequent and significant model changes, it poses significant bandwidth challenges. In real-world applications, scaling these systems necessitates efficient bandwidth management. Numerous tactics are examined in this study, such as compression methods, network innovations, and adaptive protocols. To reduce update sizes without compromising accuracy, we look at methods including model pruning, quantization, and sparse updates. Faster data transfers are made possible by network developments like hierarchical federated learning and asynchronous communication, while adaptive protocols adjust communication based on client accessibility and network conditions. By looking at current advancements and trends, we provide a summary of the literature, identify gaps, and suggest creative ways to increase the efficacy and scalability of FL systems. The objective of this work is to direct further investigations into improving bandwidth management strategies for federated learning.

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Federated Learning, Bandwidth Optimization

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Abstract Scarring is a natural consequence of the wound healing process, yet its implications often extend beyond aesthetics, impacting physical function and psychological well-being. This article presents a comprehensive overview of wound scars, integrating insights from both modern medical science and Ayurvedic traditions. It outlines the biological mechanisms of scar formation through the four phases of wound healing, classifies different scar types, and identifies key risk factors influencing scar development. Contemporary management strategies including topical agents, intralesional injections, laser therapy, and emerging modalities such as platelet-rich plasma and microneedling are critically evaluated. Additionally, the psychosocial burden of scarring is acknowledged, highlighting the need for a multidisciplinary treatment approach. The Ayurvedic perspective enriches this discussion by emphasizing traditional principles from Acharya Sushruta, including the concept of Savarnikarana and various herbal, surgical, and para-surgical interventions aimed at enhancing cosmetic outcomes. By bridging conventional and holistic approaches, this article advocates for integrative scar management that addresses both medical and aesthetic concerns, ultimately aiming to restore form, function, and confidence in affected individuals.

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Key words: Scar formation, Scar types, Scar management, Multidisciplinary approach

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M.T. Vasudevan Nair's Manju (Mist) holds a pivotal position in Malayalam literature, acclaimed for its nuanced portrayal of human emotions within the constraints of prevailing social norms. Centered on the character of Vimala, a schoolteacher haunted by the memory of a fleeting romantic encounter, the novel navigates both her internal and external conflicts. This essay employs the frameworks of subaltern studies and postcolonial theory to uncover the multilayered dimensions of subordination embedded in the text. It examines the intersection of patriarchy, cultural hegemony, and psychological trauma in shaping and sustaining a marginalized identity, while also illuminating the structural mechanisms of oppression and the possible trajectories toward individual and collective emancipation.

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Hegemony, Subordination, Patriarchy, Colonialism, Trauma Healing

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition