Volume 13 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

Agriculture is a rapidly growing sector worldwide due to the increasing population. One of the main challenges in agriculture is improving farming efficiency and quality without constant physical monitoring to meet the rising food demand. Additionally, climate conditions pose significant challenges to the agricultural industry. The aim of this research paper is to propose a smart farming model based on the Internet of Things (IoT) using clustering techniques to address adverse conditions. In this model, various sensors such as soil moisture, temperature, rain detection, and humidity, water level sensors are utilized for different purposes. The collected data will be stored in the cloud and processed automatically. Smart agriculture can be adopted through crop control, data collection, and automated analysis. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how IoT can be implemented in monitoring humidity, soil conditions, temperature, water supply levels, and climate conditions. The proposed IoT-based Smart Farming System integrates different sensors and a Wi-Fi module to produce live data feeds that can be accessed online. Agriculture is very important for the growth of any country. However, even in today's technology-driven world, most farmers still use old-fashioned, manual methods of farming. To reduce the need for too much physical work and constant checking, this study introduces an automatic farming system using the Internet of Things (IoT).This system uses sensors and a small computer (like a Raspberry Pi) to monitor and control basic farming tasks such as: Watering plants, Turning lights on or off in greenhouses, Alerting farmers about important issues. The system also sends important information--like water levels, temperature, and humidity--to a central server and directly to farmers. This helps farmers keep track of their farms more easily and can also be useful for further research in agriculture. If many farms use this system, the collected data can help improve farming methods for everyone.

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 Keywords

IoT, Sensors, Cloud, Smart farming.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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North East India is affected by a deficit in animal origin protein. The region represents the highest per capita consumption however farmers are unable to meet the demand. The consumers rely on meat, fish and eggs imported from rest of India leading to high per unit price of protein. While ICMR nutritional estimates indicate a 25 Kg annual protein demand for adults, studies peg protein uptake in India at 5-6 Kgs annually. The Animal Husbandry department of Assam estimates a state wide shortfall of 316 thousand tonnes of meat. National Statistics data indicates that North Eastern states spend the highest share of household food budget on meat within India. Our study focussed on stakeholders, entrepreneurs and farmers from across Assam to identifying the animal protein with acceptable economic, social and environmental indicators for policy level support. The study focussed on Assam as the hub of production and North East India as the market. Environment, Social and Governance (ESG) parameters were evaluated in conjunction with Triple Bottom Line (TBL) Considerations and the results were analysed using CRISILS ESG scoring methodology. Keywords: Protein deficit, Green House Gases (GHG) emission, Triple Bottom line (TBL), Environment, Social and Governance (ESG) New Enterprises, Agri Business Incubators, Women first commodity. JEL Codes - J16, M21, M41, Q1, Q11, Q13, Q51

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Triple Bottom Line (TBL), ESG as a factor in policy making for small businesses, Women in agri business, Incubation services,

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This paper addresses this critical need by proposing an AI-driven multimodal cyberbullying detection system that integrates Natural Language Processing, Computer Vision, and Deep Learning techniques. By leveraging large-scale, diverse datasets and advanced feature fusion methods, the system aims to significantly improve detection accuracy and reduce false alarms. The proposed approach supports safer digital environments, empowering platforms to proactively identify and mitigate cyberbullying across multiple media formats, thus protecting vulnerable users more effectively than existing unimodal solutions.

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 Keywords

Cyberbullying, Multimodal Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing, Computer Vision, Deep Learning, Social Media Analytics

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The vague reliability of the system is studied usually by using classical set theory. Nevertheless, analyzing the system's actual state cannot be done using classical set theory. Given that today's current techniques are the outcome of continuous advancements in science and engineering technology, fuzzy set theory is one of the best theories to account for subjectivity and vagueness in information. This article aims to analyze mechanical systems vague reliability, specifically as it relates to the compressor house unit (CHU). Four subsystems make up the compressor house unit. The compressor house unit's vague reliability is being assessed using the parallel series network method, which is determined by combining Sugano's fuzzy failure rate methodologies with trapezoidal vague numbers (TrapVan). In this article, the authors also applied the suggested method for estimating fuzzy reliability by Sugeno's fuzzy method with the help of parallel-series and series-parallel system methods for TrapVaN. The approach using a mathematical illustration and a graphical representation has been performed in this article.

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 Keywords

Vague Sets (VaS), Compressor House Unit (CHU), Fuzzy Failure Rate (FFR), Trapezoidal Vague Numbers (TrapVaN)

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BACKGROUND: Wheelchair is one of the commonest mobility devices for improving functional independence and active participation among persons with mobility limitations. However, there is limited understanding of how a wheelchair affects self-care and health management. The aim of this research is to understand the perspective of manual wheelchair users in completing self-care and health management. METHOD: This study used the Qualitative Research method. In which Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was used. Wheelchair users with manual wheelchairs were selected as participants. A convenient sampling was adopted for the study. A total number of 7 manual wheelchair users were placed in the group. The duration of discussion lasted for 1 hour 30 minutes which included a warmup session, discussion session, and feedback session. The sessions were audio recorded and Recordings were transcribed in the Tamil language and translated into English for study purposes. Data collected during the focus group discussion was analysed using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Three themes- wheelchair product, barriers, and personal factors were found, along with nine subthemes- wheelchair durability, problems in day-to-day activities, suggestions for modification, environmental and non-environmental, environmental adaptation, condition-specific challenges, and economic condition. Offering a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and adaptive strategies of wheelchair users. CONCLUSION: The study concluded the importance of a holistic approach for wheelchair users, highlighting barrier removal, inclusive wheelchair design, and customized interventions. The government, healthcare professionals, and designers can work together to create an environment that supports wheelchair users' independence and improves their quality of life by incorporating user perspectives.

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 Keywords

Wheelchair User, Self-Care, Health Management, Focus Group Discussion.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming patent examination with more efficiency, accuracy, and consistency through tools such as Natural Language Processing (NLP), Machine Learning (ML), and Large Language Models (LLMs) for prior art searching. While these advancements promise significant benefits for innovators by streamlining the protection of their intellectual property, their implementation also introduces major challenges such as algorithmic bias, interpretability (the "black box" issue), and complexities in legal adaptability. This review consolidates evidence from international patent office strategies, case studies, technical assessments, and policy reviews to critically evaluate whether AI considerably reinforces the patent system or adds systemic risks that can jeopardize its fundamental principles. While AI has tremendous potential to minimize human error, automate workflows, and tackle rising application volumes, its responsible implementation requires strong human intervention, the development of comprehensive ethical guidelines, and active patent law modernization to address AI-generated inventions and accountability, ensuring the patent system continues to reward and protect innovation.

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 Keywords

Artificial Intelligence, Patent Examination, Intellectual Property, Property Rights, Algorithmic Bias, Legal Modernization, Human-AI Collaboration, Transparency

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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As we know that we were following the traditional examination system for longer time. But In recent times traditional examination system is getting replaced by the online examination system, which is an modern approach to the assessment. Online examination system converts the traditional methods of exams or assessments in educational and professional settings. As we know we got to know more about online examination system during the COVID-19 pandemic because at that time traditional method can not be used. Online examination system offers flexibility, scalability and efficiency. It also provides the advantages of the system and also having the challenges like ensuring security, preventing cheating.

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 Keywords

PHP, Web Applications, Examination Systems, Database, Web Server.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The concept of "One Nation,One Election" has gained traction in recent years,pushing for synchronization of elections at all levels of government within a country. This article examines the possible benefits and obstacles of implementing such a program in India. This paper intends to contribute to the continuing discussion about this key policy effort by examining its historical context, comparative comparison with other countries,and potential consequences for democratic government.

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One Nation,One Election

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The main purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between stress, depression, and adjustment among school-going adolescents in Ranchi. The total sample consisted of 320 high school students from various government schools selected from Ranchi city. The sample was chosen using purposive sampling. I utilized tools such as the Students' Stress Scale developed by Akhtar (2011), Beck's Depression Inventory created by Aaron Beck (1961), and the Adjustment Inventory for School Students developed by Sinha and Singh in 1993. The findings reveal that there is a positive relationship between stress, depression, and adjustment related to religion (Hindu and Muslim). Additionally, there is a positive relationship between stress, depression, and adjustment based on gender (boys and girls) and education level (9th and 10th grade) among school-going adolescents.

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 Keywords

Stress, Depression, Adjustment,Adolescent, School students.

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Manju Kapur's novel, _Difficult Daughters_, presents a poignant exploration of Virmati's existential struggles in early 20th-century India. This abstract examines the agony of Virmati's existence as she grapples with societal expectations, personal desires, and the quest for identity. Virmati's life is marked by contradictions, bound by traditional conventions yet yearning for independence and intellectual fulfillment. Her pursuit of higher education and involvement with a married man, Professor Harpal Singh, lead to self-discovery, societal ostracism, and personal turmoil. Through Virmati's narrative, Kapur masterfully captures the essence of existential angst, highlighting the limitations imposed by society, family, and circumstances. Virmati's story is a powerful exploration of the human condition, laying bare the complexities of desire, sacrifice, and the pursuit of happiness. This abstract explores the tensions between tradition and modernity, as Virmati navigates her desires and aspirations. The novel's portrayal of Virmati's agony testifies to Kapur's nuanced understanding of the human experience. Virmati's story sheds light on the difficulties faced by women in patriarchal societies, highlighting the ways societal expectations shape and suffocate individual identity. _Difficult Daughters_ is a powerful exploration of the human condition, resonating with readers today. Virmati's story reminds us of the importance of self-awareness, personal agency, and pursuing one's desires, even in adversity. By examining Virmati's existential agony, this abstract aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the novel's themes and struggles. Through a close reading, this study illuminates the ways _Difficult Daughters_ offers a powerful exploration of the human experience, captivating readers with its nuanced portrayal of existence. Ultimately, Virmati's story serves as a poignant reminder of the complexities of human existence and the importance of individual identity.

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 Keywords

Existential agony, Identity, personal turmoil, self-discovery, self-awareness, societal ostracism, societal expectations, patriarchal society.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition